第二十课 第四种变格；地点夺格表来自、表分隔

Chapter 20 Fourth Declension; Ablatives of Place from Which and Separation

第四种变格

第四种变格比较简单，大多数是阳性的，单数主格以-us结尾。但是也有少数是阴性的，同样以-us结尾。还有极少数是中性的，单数主格以-ū结尾。

请注意u出现在除了复数与格和夺格之外的所有词尾中（甚至有一些名词以-ubus结尾，而非-ibus），此外提醒注意仅有阳性和阴性单数主格的词尾中u是短音。

单数主格以-us结尾也是第二第三种变格单词最常见的现象。因此决定单词变格种类的是单数属格，只有树格以-us结尾的单词才属于以上第四种变格。

地点夺格：表示从……来；表分隔

这两种夺格常见而且相关。主要区别是：前者句中总是包含从某处到某处的动作行为；而且几乎所有的此类夺格都被介词ab, dē 或ex引导。

例句：

Graecī ā patriā suā ad Italiam navigāvērunt.

Flūmen dē montibus in mare flūxit.

Multī ex agrīs in urbem venient.

Cicerō hostēs ab urbe mīsit.

（请注意从……来使用介词+夺格，而到某处去则往往使用介+宾。常见的介词有ad, in等）

表示分隔的夺格，顾名思义，仅仅表示某人或物与其他人或物不在一处；没有从某处到某处的动作行为发生；有时候不用介词引导，动词往往有“释放”、“缺乏”、“剥夺”等含义。

例句：

Cicerō hostēs ab urbe prohibuit.

Eōs timōre līberāvit.

Agricolae pecūniā saepe carēbant.

单词表：

coniūrātī -ōrum m pl 密谋者

cornū cornūs n 角

frūctus frūctūs m 水果，利润，好处，享受

genū genūs n 膝盖

manus manūs f 手；笔迹

metus -ūs m 害怕，恐惧，焦虑

mōns montis m 山脉

senātus -ūs m 参议院

sensus -ūs m 感觉，感受

servitūs servitūtis f 奴隶制度，奴隶身份

spīritus -ūs m 呼吸；精神，灵魂

versus -ūs m 诗行

commūnis commūne 普通的，平常的，大体的，属于某团体的

dexter dextra dextrum 右侧的，右手的

sinister sinistra sinistrum 左侧的，左手的；有害的，不吉的[罗马人认为左撇子是危险的，因为他们可以右手一边握手，左手刺冷枪]

careō carēre caruī caritūrum + abl of separation 没有，不含，缺乏；从……中释放

dēfendō -fendere -fendī -fēnsum 守卫，保护

discēdō -cēdere -cessī -cessum 离开 [dis+cedō]

ōdī ōdisse ōsūrum （被动表主动的动词、“冒被动词”）仇恨[Garfield最喜欢捉弄的狗叫什么？]

prohibeō -hibēre -hibuī -hibitum 阻止，隐藏，抑止，禁止

prōnūntiō (1) 宣布；演讲；宣告

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Etiam senēs frūctibus sapientiae et cōnsiliīs argūmentīsque certīs saepe carent.

Even old men often lack the fruits of wisdom, plans and certain proof(s).

2. Aut ingentē montēs aut flūmina celeria quae dē montibus fluēbant hostēs ab urbe prohibēbant.

Either the huge mountains or swift rivers that were flowing down from the mountains were keeping the enemy back from the city.

3. Quoniam nimis fortia facta faciēbat, aetās eius erat brevis.

Since he was doing deeds too brave, his life was short.

4. Illa medica facere poterat multa manū dextrā sed sinistrā manū pauca.

That doctor was able to accomplish many things with her right hand, but few things with her left hand.

5. Vēritās nōs metū gravī iam līberābit quō diū territī sumus.

The truth will soon free us from the grim dread which we have long feared. [这句话quō与其修饰的metū gravī隔开了，需要小心]

6. Quibus generibus scelerum sinistrōrum illae duae cīvītātēs dēlētae sunt?

By what types of harmful crimes were those two states destroyed?

7. Quī mortālis sine amīcitiā et probitāte et beneficiō in aliōs potest esse beātus?

What mortal can be happy without friendship, probity, and kindness into others? [in aliōs 是宾格，表示对别人、给予别人]

8. Pater pecūniam ex Graeciā in suam patriam movēre coeperat, nam familia discēdere cupīvit.

The father began to move money out of Greece into his own country, for his family wanted to go away.

9. ā quibus studium difficilium atrium eō tempore neglēctum est?

By whom was the study of the difficult arts neglected in that time?

10. Ubi versūs illīus auctōris clārī lēctī sunt, audītōrēs delectātī sunt.

When that famous author’s verses were read, the audience members were delighted.

11. Sē cito iēcērunt ad genua iūdicum, quī autem nūllam clēmentiam dēmōnstrāvērunt.

They quickly threw themselves to the judges’ knees, who demonstrated no mercy however.

12. We cannot have the fruits of peace, unless we ourselves free our families from heavy dread.

Non possumus fructus pacis habere, nisi ipsi nostras familias metu gravi liberamus.

13. Those bands of unfortunate men and women will come to us from other countries in which they are deprived of the benefits of citizenship.

Illae manus virorum feminarumque infortunatarum aliis venient ad nos ab patriis in quibus

carent fructibus civitatis.

14. The old men lacked neither games nor serious pursuits.

Nec ludis nec studiis gravibus senes carebant.

15. Who began to perceive our common fears of serious crime?

Quis coepit nostros timores communes sentire sceleris gravis?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Cornua cervum ā perīculīs dēfendunt. (Martial. --cervus -ī 牡鹿)

Horns defend a stag from dangers.

2. Oedipūs duōbus oculīs sē prīvāvit. (Cicero. --prīvāre 剥夺)

Oedipus deprived himself of (his own) two eyes.

3. Themistoclēs bellō Persicō Graeciam servitūte līberāvit. (Cicero. --Persicus -a -um 波斯的)

In the Persian war, Themistocles freed Greece from slavery.

4. Dēmosthenēs multōs versūs ūnō spīritū prōnūntiābat. (Cicero.)

Demosthenes used to recite many verses in one breath.

5. Persicōs apparātūs ōdī. (Horace. --apparātus -ūs 夸耀，展示。)

I hate Persian pomp.

6. Iste commūnī sēnsū caret. (Horace.)

That man lacks common sense.

7. Senectūs nōs prīvat omnibus voluptātibus neque longē abest ā morte. (Cicero. --longē : longus的副词。--absum 离开。)

Old age deprives us of all pleasures and is not far from death.

8. Nūllus accūsātor caret culpā; omnēs peccāvimus. (Seneca. --accūsātor -tōris. 原告，控方。--peccāre 有罪。)

No accuser lacks fault; we all have sinned.

9. Nūlla pars vītae vacāre officiō potest. (Cicero. --vacāre 从……解脱。)

No part of life can be free from duty.

10. Prīma virtūs est vitiō carēre. (Quintilian.)

The primary virtue is to lack vice.

11. Vir scelere vacuus nōn eget iaculīs neque arcū. (Horace. --vacuus -a -um 从……解脱的. --egēre 需要。--iaculum -ī 标枪。--arcus -ūs 弓。)

A man free from crime does not need javelins, nor a bow.

12. Magnī tumultūs urbem eō tempore miscēbant. (Cicero. --tumultus -ūs 骚动，混乱)

Great uprisings were stirring up the city in that time.

13. Litterae senātuī populōque allobrogum manibus coniūrātōrum ipsōrum erant scrīptae. (Cicero. --Allobrogēs -gum m pl a Gallic tribe whom the Catilinarian conspirators tried to arouse against Rome.)

A letter to the senate and people of the Allobroges had been written by the hands of the conspirators themselves.

CICERO URGES CATILINE'S DEPARTURE FROM ROME

Habēmus senātūs consultum contrā tē, Catilīna, vehemēns et grave; ācre iūdicium habēmus, et vīrēs et cōnsilium cīvitās nostra habet. Quid est, Catilīna? Cūr remanēs? O dī immortālēs! Discēde nunc ex hāc urbe cum malā manū scelerātōrum; magnō metū mē līberābis, sī omnēs istōs coniūrātōs tēcum ēdūcēs. Nisi nunc discēdēs, tē cito eiciēmus. Nihil in cīvitāte nostrā tē dēlectāre potest. Age, age! Deinde curre ad Manlium, istum amīcum malum; tē diū dēsīderāvit. Incipe nunc; gere bellum in cīvitātem! Brevī tempore tē omnēsque tuōs, hostēs patriae, vincēmus, et omnēs vōs poenās gravēs semper dabitis.

(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.3ff; 见Readings 11和14章，以及30章的“Evidence and Confession”. --cōnsultum -ī 法令，判决。--vehemēns gen vehementis 猛烈的。--scelerātus -a -um 是scelus的形容词。罪恶的。Manlius: Catiline的主要同谋者之一)

We have the senate's decree against you, Catiline, vehement and grave; we have harsh verdict, our state has both strength and judgment. What is it, Catiline? Why do you stay? O immortal gods! Leave now from this city with your evil band of wicked men; you will free me from great dread, if you will lead out all those conspirators with you. Unless you leave now, we will quickly throw you out. Nothing in our state can please you. Go, go! Then run to Manlius, that evil friend; he has long missed you. Begin now, wage war in the state! In a short time we shall defeat you and all your (comrades), enemies of the fatherland, and all of you will always pay the heavy penalties.

第十九课 所有动词的完成时被动；疑问代词和疑问形容词

Chapter 19 Perfect Passive System of All Verbs; Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives

被动完成时非常简单，取动词的第四个基本形式——被动完成时分词，加上esse的相应形式，就可以了。不管是哪种变位都一样。

注意：分词有阴阳中性，esse是复数的时候分词也是复数

现在完成时被动：

laudātus -a -um + sum

laudātus -a -um + es

laudātus -a -um + est

laudātī -ae -a + sumus

laudātī -ae -a + estis

laudātī -ae -a + sunt

将来完成时被动：

laudātus -a -um + erō/eris/erit

laudātī -ae -a + erimus/eritis/erunt

过去完成时被动：

laudātus -a -um + eram/erās/erat

laudātī -ae -a + erāmus/erātis/erant

事实上这是一个系表结构，因此分词与主语保持性数格的一致。如puella laudāta est=puella est laudāta. 比较：puella est bona.

翻译上，时刻记住这是完成时，小心莫把laudātus est 翻译成 is praised，或将laudātus erat 翻译成was praised。正确的翻译分别应该是has been praised和had been praised.

疑问代词：

拉丁文不区分指人和指物的疑问代词，统一用quis, quid。

quis, quid的复数与关系代词一模一样；单数与关系代词的区别在单数主格。

对比：

疑问形容词：The Interrogative Adjective

qui quae quod

修饰名词，相当于英语的which, what, what kind of

例句：

quem librum legis?

Which/what book are you reading?

疑问代词和关系代词的区别见124-125页。

单词表：

argūmentum -ī n 证据，证明，论据

auctor auctōris m 作者

beneficium -iī n 好处，优点；好感

familia -ae f 家庭

Graecia -ae f 希腊

iūdex iūdicis m 判断，决定，观点；审判

scelus sceleris m 罪，恶事

quis? quid? （疑问代词）谁？谁的？什么？

quī? quae? quod? （疑问形容词）什么样的？哪个？哪种？

certus -a -um 确定的，确实的，当然的，可靠的

gravis grave（形容词）重的，认真的，重要的，严重的

immortālis immortāle （形容词）不死的，永生的

at 连词，但是，然而（比sed语气更强烈）

nisi 连词，若非，除非，除去

contrā 介词+acc 对，针对，反对

iam 副词，已经，马上

dēlectō (1) 娱乐，吸引，愉悦

liberō (1) 释放，解放

parō (1) 准备，提供，获取

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Quis lībertātem eōrum eō tempore dēlēre coepit?

Who began to destroy their freedom at that time?

2. cuius lībertās ab istō auctōre deinde dēlēta est?

Whose liberty was then destroyed by that author?

3. quōs librōs bonōs poēta caecus herī recitāvit?

What good books did the blind poet recite yesterday?

4. Fēminae librōs difficilēs crās legent quōs mīsistī.

Tomorrow, the women will read the difficult books that you sent.

5. omnia flūmina in mare fluunt et cum eō miscentur.

All rivers flow into the ocean and are mixed with it.

6. itaque id genus lūdōrum levium, quod ā multīs familiīs laudābātur, nōs ipsī numquam cupimus.

And so, we ourselves never long for that type of trifling game(s), which used to be praised by many families.

7. Puerī et puellae propter facta bona ā mātribus patribusque laudātae sunt.

The boys and girls have been praised by their mothers and fathers because of good deeds.

8. cur istī vēritātem timēbant, quā multī adiūtī erant?

Why did those men fear truth, by which many had been helped?

9. Hostis trāns ingēns flūmen in Graeciā deinde nāvigāvit.

An enemy then sailed across an vast river in Greece.

10. quī vir fortis clārusque, dē quō lēgistī, aetātem brevem mortemque celerem exspectābat?

What brave and famous man, of whom you have read, was waiting for a brief life and swift death?

11. quae studia gravia tē semper dēlectant, aut quae nunc dēsīderās?

What serious studies always delight you, or which do you now desire?

12. Who saw the six men who had prepared this?

Quid vidit sex qui hoc paraverat?

13. What was neglected by the second student yesterday?

Quid heri neglectum est a secundo discipulo?

14. We were helped by the knowledge which had been neglected by him.

Scientia iuti sumus quae ab eo neglecta erat.

15. Whose plans did the old men of all cities fear? Which plans did they esteem?

Cuius consilia senes omnium urbium timuerunt? Quae dilexerunt?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. quae est nātūra animī? est mortālis. (Lucretius.)

What is the nature of the soul? It is mortal.

2. illa argūmenta vīsa sunt et gravia et certa. (Cicero.)

Those proofs seemed both serious and clear.

3. quid nōs facere contrā istōs et scelera eōrum dēbēmus? (Cicero.)

What must we do against those men and their crimes?

4. quid ego ēgī? In quod perīculum iactus sum? (Terence.)

What have I done? Into what danger have I been thrown?

5. O dī immortālēs! In quā urbe vīvimus? Quam cīvitātem habēmus? (Cicero.)

O immortal gods! In what city do we live? What state do we have? What crimes do we see?

6. quī sunt bonī cīvēs nisi eī quī beneficia patriae memoriā tenent? (Cicero.)

Who are good citizens if they are not those who remember gifts for the fatherland?

7. Alia, quae pecūniā parantur, ab eō stultō parāta sunt; at mōrēs eius vērōs amīcōs parāre nōn potuērunt. (Cicero.)

Other things, which are provided by money, have been provided by that fool; but his character was not able to provide true friends.

THE AGED PLAYWRIGHT SOPHOCLES HOLDS HIS OWN

Quam multa senēs in mentibus tenent! Sī studium grave et labor et probitās in senectūte remanent, saepe manent etiam memoria, scientia, sapientiaque.

Sophoclēs, scrīptor ille Graecus, ad summam senectūtem tragoediās fēcit; sed propter hoc studium familiam neglegere vidēbātur et ā fīliīs in iūdicium vocātus est. Tum auctor eam tragoediam quam sēcum habuit et quam proximē scrīpserat, “Oedipum Colōnēum,” iūdicibus recitāvit. Ubi haec tragoedia recitāta est, senex sententiīs iūdicum est lībertātus.

(Cicero, Dē Senectūte, 7.22. -- summam 最，极其。--tragoedia -ae 悲剧。--proximē （副词）不久之前。--“Oedipus at Colonus.”)

How many things old men hold in their minds! If serious study and labor and probity remain in old age, often memory, knowledge, and wisdom also remain.

Sophocles, the Greek writer, wrote tragedies to extreme old age; but because of this pursuit he seemed to neglect his family and was called into trial by his sons. Then the author recited to the judges that tragedy which he had with him and which he had written shortly before, "Oedipus at Colonus". When this tragedy was recited, the old man was freed from the judge's opinions.

CATULLUS BIDS A BITTER FAREWELL TO LESBIA

Valē, puella -- iam Catullus obdūrat.

…

Scelesta, vae tē! Quae tibī manet vīta?

Quis nunc tē adībit? Cui vidēberis bella?

Quem nunc amābis? Cuius esse dīcēris?

Quem bāsiābis? Cui labella mordēbis?

At tū, Catulle, dēstinātus obdūrā.

(*Catullus 8.12, 15-19; meter: choliambic. See L.A.1, below (and cp. the adaptation of this passage in Ch.2). obdūrāre 固执，顽固。--scelestus -a -um 邪恶的，可憎的。--vae tē 诅咒你。--Quae, 修饰vīta。--adībit 将要拜访。--dīcēris 将要被称为。--bāsiāre 吻。--cui在这里等于cuius。--labellum -ī 嘴唇。--mordēre 咬。--dēstinātus -a -um 坚定的，坚决的。)

Good-bye, girl – now Catullus is firm.

...

Wicked woman, woe to you! What life remains for you?

Who will now visit you? To whom will you seem pretty?

Whom will you now love? Whose will you be said to be?

Whom will you kiss? Whose lips will you bite?

But you, Catullus, be firm, resolute.

MESSAGE FROM A BOOKCASE

Sēlectōs nisi dās mihī libellōs,

admittam tineās trucēsque blattās!

(*Martial 14.37; meter: hendecasyllabic. --sēlectus -a -um 选择。--tinea -ae 书虫，书蠹。--trux gen trucis 猛烈的，残忍的，野蛮的。--blatta -ae 蟑螂。)

Unless you give me (carefully) chosen books,

I will let in bookworms and fierce cockroaches!

第十八课 直陈被动语态现在时系统之一二种变位；夺格

Chapter 18 First and Second Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System; Ablative of Agent

这一课开始讲被动语态了。还是和主动一样，上来先吃一套万能词尾：

-r -ris -tur; -mur -minī -ntur

(复习主动：-ō/-m -s -t; -mus -tis -nt)

有了主动的基础，被动就很好学了。

第一二种变位还是以laudo 和moneo为例。

从动词的不定式上攫取和主动式一样的词根，然后直接加上被动词尾，就是一般现在时。（第一人称单数是-or）

词根+ba+词尾，就是未完成时。

词根+（bo/be/bi/bi/bi/bu）+词尾，就是将来时。

注意：第二人称单数词尾可以是-ris也可以是-re。后者虽然在wheelock里没有出现，然而在拉丁文诗歌中很常见，所以当看到laudābere的时候，不要发愣哦。

被动不定式：

被动不定式？英文有被动不定式吗？对了，就是to be done咯。

拉丁文的第一、二变位的不定式很容易，将主动不定式的-re变成-rī就可以了：

laudārī to be praised

monērī to be warned

夺格指人Ablative of Personal Agent

用夺格指人，相当于在英语里的by who，往往在被动句中引入行为的施动者。和英语里一样的是，人前必须有介词。拉丁文用ab+夺格来表示by who的意思。

所有的Abl of Personal Agent都必须有ab引导。没有ab的就不是。可能是其他夺格用法。

具体例句看书118页。

单词表：

flūmen flūminis n 河流

genus generis n 源头，种属，种类，等级

hostis hostis m （一个）敌人；hostēs -ium 敌人们

lūdus -ī m 游戏，运动；学校

probitās probitātis f 正直，诚实

scientia -ae f 知识

clārus -a -um 清晰的，明白的；著名的，知名的，杰出的

mortālis mortāle 会死的，凡人的

cūr adv 为什么

deinde adv 然后，之后，接下来

fluō fluere flūxī flūxum 流

legō legere lēgī lēctum 选择，选取；阅读

misceō miscēre miscuī mixtum 混合，激起，弄乱

moveō movēre mōvī mōtum 移动；唤醒，影响

videor vidērī vīsus sum （是videō的被动式）被看见，看起来似乎

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Multī morte etiam facilī nimis terrentur.

Many are excessively terrified even by an easy death.

2. Beāta memoria amīcitiārum dulcium numquam dēlēbitur.

The happy memory of sweet friendships will never be destroyed.

3. Illa fēmina caeca omnia genera atrium quoque intellēxit et ab amīcīs iucundīs semper laudābātur.

That blind woman also understood all types of the arts and was always praised by her pleasant friends.

4. Pater senex vester, ā quō saepe iuvābāmur, multa dē celeribus perīculīs ingentis maris herī dīcere coepit.

Your old father, by whom we were often helped, began to say many things about the swift dangers of the vast sea yesterday.

5. Mentēs nostrae memoriā potentī illōrum duōrum factōrum cito moventur.

Our minds are quickly moved by the strong memory of those two deeds.

6. Cōnsilia rēgīnae illō tertiō bellō longō et difficilī dēlēbantur.

The queen’s plans were destroyed by that third long and difficult war.

7. Itaque māter mortem quartī fīliī exspectābat, quī nōn valēbat et cuius aetās erat brevis.

And so, the mother was expecting her fourth son’s death, who was not well and whose life was short.

8. Bella difficilia sine cōnsiliō et clēmentiā numquam gerēbāmus.

We never waged difficult wars without wisdom and mercy.

9. Tē cum novem ex aliīs miserīs ad Caesarem crās trahent.

Tomorrow, they will drag you with nine of the other wretches to Caesar.

10. Rēgem ācrem, quī official neglēxerat, ex urbe suā ēiēcērunt.

They threw out the harsh king from their city, who had neglected his duties.

11. Ille poēta in tertiō libellō saturārum scrīpsit dē hominibus avārīs quī ad centum terrās aliās nāvigāre cupiunt quod pecūniam nimis dēsīderant.

The poet wrote in the third booklet of satires about greedy men who want to sail to a hundred other lands because they desire money too much.

12. Mercy will be given by them even to the citizens of other cities.

Et civibus aliarum urbium clementia ab eis dabitur.

13. Many are moved too often by money but not by truth.

Multi nimis saepe pecunia sed non veritate moventur.

14. The state will be destroyed by the powerful king, whom they are beginning to fear.

Civitas delebitur a rege potenti, quem timere incipiunt.

15. Those ten women were not frightened by plans of that trivial sort.

Illae decem feminae consiliis illius generis levis non terrebantur.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Possunt quia posse videntur. (*Virgil. --quia 连词，因为)

They can because they seem to be able.

2. Etiam fortēs virī subitīs perīculīs saepe terrentur. (Tacitus. --subitus -a -um 突然)

Even brave men are often frightened by sudden dangers.

3. Tua cōnsilia sunt clāra nōbīs; tenēris scientiā hōrum cīvium omnium. (Cicero.)

Your plans are clear to us; you are restrained by the knowledge of all of these citizens.

4. Malum est cōnsilium quod mūtārī nōn potest. (*Publilius Syrus.)

Bad is the plan that cannot be changed.

5. Fās est ab hoste docērī. (Ovid. --fās est, it is right.)

It is right to be taught by an enemy.

6. Eō tempore erant circēnsēs lūdī, quō genere levī spectāculī numquam teneor. (Pliny. --circēnsēs lūdī, 圆形竞技场的竞技. --As here with genere, the antecedent is often attracted into the rel. clause. --spectāculum -ī 景象)

In that time were the circus games, by which trivial type of spectacle I am never held.

7. Haec est nunc vīta mea: admittō et salūtō bonōs virōs quī ad mē veniunt; deinde aut scrībō aut legō; post haec omne tempus corporī datur. (Cicero. --salutāre 问候早安。)

This is now my life: I receive and greet good men who come to me; then I either write or read; after these things, all time is given to the body.

8. Nihil igitur mors est, quoniam nātūra animī habētur mortālis. (Lucretius.)

Therefore death is nothing, since the nature of the spirit is considered mortal.

9. Amor miscērī cum timōre nōn potest. (*Publilius Syrus.)

Love cannot be mixed with fear.

10. Numquam enim temeritās cum sapientiā commiscētur. (*Cicero. --temeritās -tātis 匆忙，鲁莽)

Truly, temerity is never mixed together with wisdom.

11. Dīligēmus eum quī pecūniā nōn movētur. (Cicero.)

We praise one who is not affected by money.

12. Laudātur ab hīs; culpātur ab illīs. (*Horace.)

He is praised by these men; blamed by those.

13. Probitās laudātur -- et alget. (*Juvenal. --algēre 冷落，忽视)

Probity is praised – then left in the cold (i.e. neglected).

ON DEATH AND METAMORPHOSIS

O genus humānum, quod mortem nimium timet! Cūr perīcula mortis timētis? Omnia mūtantur, omnia fluunt, nihil ad vēram mortem venit. Animus errat et in alia corpora miscētur; nec manet, nec eāsdem fōrmās servat, sed in fōrmās novās mūtātur. Vīta est flūmen; tempora nostra fugiunt et nova sunt semper. Nostra corpora semper mūtantur; id quod fuimus aut sumus, nōn crās erimus.

(根据奥维德《变形纪》 15.153-216; 改写为散文体。)

O human race, that fears death too much! Why do you fear the dangers of death? All things are being changed, all things are flowing, nothing comes to a true death. The spirit wanders and is mixed into other bodies; neither does it stay, nor does it keep the same forms, but it is changed into new forms. Life is a river; our times hurry away and there are always new ones. Our bodies always are being changed; that which we have been or are, we will not be tomorrow.

第十七课 关系代词 The Relative Pronoun

关系代词的用处参照英语的who/which/that，引导各种从句。不同之处是，拉丁文的关系代词有比较复杂的变格（英语的基本已经脱落了，除了whom, whose还有那么点意思）

拉丁文里关系代词不分人和物，who, which, that合并为一个词：

quī quae quod

用法：关系代词和先行词保持数和性的一致，然而关系代词的格则根据它在从句中所起的作用而定。（这一点和英语是一样的。）

Fēmina quam laudās est docta.（The woman whom you are praising is talented.）

这里的quam是单数，阴性，来源于先行词fēmina；是宾格，因为它是laudās的直接宾语。

更多例子：

1. Dīligō puellam quae ex Italiā vēnit. I admire the girl who came from Italy.

2. Homō dē quō dīcēbās est amīcus cārus. the man about whom you were speaking is a dear friend.

3. Puella cui librum dat est fortūnāta. the girl to whom he is giving the book is fortunate.

4. Puer cuius patrem iuvābāmus est fortis. the boy whose father we used to help is brave.

5. Vītam meam committam eīs virīs quōrum virtūtēs laudābās. I shall entrust my life to those men whose virtues you were praising.

6. Timeō idem perīculum quod timētis. I fear the same danger which you fear.

注意：关系代词从句是自足的整体，一般从关系代词开始，到之后的第一个动词结束，有时候可以用方括号把从句括起来以方便辨认：

Multī cīvēs aut ea perīcula [quae imminent] nōn vident aut ea [quae vident] neglegunt.

Many citizens either do not see the dangers [that impend] or disregard those [that they see].

单词表：

libellus -ī m 小书，小册子

quī quae quod 关系代词

caecus -a -um 盲目的

levis leve 轻的，轻微的，容易的，微不足道的

aut 连词 或者；aut…aut或者……或者……

cito 迅速

quoque 也

admittō -mittere -mīsī -missum 承认，接受

coepī coepisse coeptum 开始。（仅有过去时）

cupiō cupere cupīvī cupītum 追求

dēleō dēlēre dēlēvī dēlētum 破坏，擦去

dēsīderō (1) 想要，欲望

incipiō -cipere -cēpī -ceptum 开始

navigō (1) 航海

neglegō neglegere neglēxī neglēctum 忽视，忽略

recitō (1) 诵读，朗诵

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Potēns quoque est vīs atrium, quae nōs semper alunt.

Also strong is the power of the arts which always nourish us.

2. Miserōs hominēs, autem, sēcum iungere coeperant.

However, they had begun to join (themselves) with the wretched men.

3. Nam illā aetāte pars populī in Italiā iūra cīvium numquam tenuit.

For in that time, a share of the people in Italy never held the rights of the citizens.

4. Incipimus vēritātem intellegere, quae mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet et sine quā valēre nōn possumus.

We are beginning to understand truth, which should always direct our minds and without which, we are unable to be well.

5. Quam difficile est bona aut dulcia ex bellō trahere!

How difficult it is to derive good or pleasant things from war.

6. Centum ex virīs mortem diū timēbant et nihil clēmentiae exspectābant.

A hundred of the men feared death for a long time and expected no mercy.

7. Puer mātrem timēbat, quae eum saepe neglegēbat.

The boy feared his mother who often neglected him.

8. Inter omnia perīcula illa fēmina sē cum sapientiā gessit.

Among all the dangers, that woman composed herself with wisdom.

9. Itaque celer rūmor ācris mortis per ingentēs urbēs cucurrit.

And so, the swift rumor of harsh death ran through the giant cities.

10. Quoniam memoria factōrum nostrōrum dulcis est, beātī nunc sumus et senectūtem facilem agēmus.

Since the memory of our actions is pleasant, we are now happy and will live old age happy.

11. Multī audītōrēs saturās ācrēs timēbant quās poēta recitābat.

Many audience members feared the harsh satires which the poet was reciting.

12. They feared the powerful men whose city they were ruling by force.

Potentes viros quorum urbem vi regebant timebant.

13. We began to help those three pleasant women to whom we had given our friendship.

Illas tres feminas iucundas quibus amicitiam nostram dederamus iuvare coepimus.

14. We fear that book with which he is beginning to destroy our liberty.

Illum librum quocum nostram libertatem delere incipit timemus.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Salvē, bone amīce, cui fīlium meum herī commīsī. (Terence.)

Hello, good friend, to whom I entrusted my son yesterday.

2. Dionysius, dē quō ante dīxī, ā Graeciā ad Siciliam per tempestātem nāvigābat. (Cicero. -- Sicilia -ae 西西里)

Dionysius, of whom I previously spoke, sailed through a storm from Greece to Sicily.

3. Multī cīvēs aut ea perīcula quae imminent nōn vident aut ea quae vident neglegunt. (Cicero. --imminēre 威胁)

Many citizens either do not see the dangers that impend or disregard those that they see.

4. Bis dat quī cito dat. (Publilius Syrus. --bis 副词 两次)

He who gives quickly gives twice.

5. Quī coepit, dīmidium factī habet. Incipe! (Horace. --dīmidium -iī 半)

He who has begun has half of the deed. Begin!

6. Levis est fortuna: id cito repōscit quod dedit. (Publilius Syrus. --repōscō -ere 要回)

Fortune is trivial: it quickly demands back what it has given.

7. Fortūna eum stultum facit quem nimium amat. (Publilius Syrus.)

Fortune makes stupid him whom she loves too much.

8. Nōn sōlum fortūna ipsa est caeca sed etiam eōs caecōs facit quōs semper adiuvat. (Cicero.)

Not only is fortune blind, but it also makes those whom it always helps blind.

9. Bis vincit quī sē vincit in victōriā. (*Publilius Syrus.)

He who conquers himself in victory conquers twice.

10. Simulātiō dēlet vēritātem, sine quā nōmen amīcitiae valēre nōn potest. (Cicero. --simulātiō -ōnis 伪装，不真诚)

Pretense destroys truth; without which, the name of “friendship” cannot have power.

11. Virtūtem enim illīus virī amāvī, quae cum corpore nōn periit. (Cicero. --pereō -īre -iī -itum 毁灭，死亡)

I truly loved that man’s virtue, which did not perish with his body.

12. Turbam vītā. Cum hīs vīve quī tē meliōrem facere possunt; illōs admittē quōs tū potes facere meliōrēs. (Seneca. --melior 更好better)

Avoid the crowd. Live with these men who can make you better; let in those whom you can make better.

ON THE PLEASURES OF LOVE IN OLD AGE

Estne amor in senectūte? Voluptās, enim minor est, sed minor quoque est cupiditās. Nihil autem est cūra nōbīs, sī nōn cupimus, et nōn caret is quī nōn dēsīderat. Adulēscentēs nimis dēsīderant; senēs satis amōris saepe habent et nultum sapientiae. Cōgitō, igitur, hoc tempus vītae esse iūcundum.

(Cicero. Dē Senectūte 14.47. --minor 更少less. --carēre 缺乏，需要)

Is there love in old age? Indeed the pleasure is less, but less also is the desire. But nothing is a concern to us, if we are not longing, and he who does not desire does not lack. Youths desire too much; old men often have enough love and much wisdom. Therefore, I think that this time of life is pleasant.

IT'S ALL IN THE DELIVERY

Quem recitās meus est, ō Fīdentīne, libellus;

sed male cum recitās, incipit esse tuus!

(*Martial, 1.38; meter: elegiac couplet. -- Fīdentīnus 人名。他曾公开朗诵Martial的一些诗。--libellus 小书。liber的指小词。是quem的先行词；散文中词序应为libellus quem recitās est meus. --male 坏地。malus的副词形式。--cum 连词，当……时)

What you recite, O Fidentinus, is my little book;

but when you recite it badly, it begins to be yours!