第十三章 反身代词，所有格；

Reflexive Pronouns and Possessives; Intensive Pronoun

 

反身代词Reflexive Pronouns

反身代词一般情况下不能作主语，没有主格。

第一人称、第二人称其它格的变化都与相应人称代词相同。

 

单数	我自己	你自己	他她它自己
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.	-- meī mihi mē mē	-- tuī tibi tē tē	-- suī sibi sē sē
复数
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.	-- nostrī nōbīs nōs nōbīs	-- vestrī vōbīs vōs vōbīs	-- suī sibi sē sē

 

第三人称的反身代词不分单复数，也不分性，因为反身代词会完全反射原词的性与数。例如：

fēmina dē sē cōgitābat.这里sē代表单数阴性。

virī dē sē cōgitābant.这里sē则代表复数阳性。

 

第一二人称的反身代词和人称代词形式一样，怎样区分呢？关键看句子中是否出现过相同的代词，并且意义只有用反身代词才能说通。例子：

1. tū laudāvistī tē. 你表扬了你自己。

2. Cicerō laudāvit tē. 西塞罗表扬了你。

 

3. Nōs laudāvimus nōs. 我们表扬了我们自己。

4. Cicerō laudāvit nōs. 西塞罗表扬了我们。

 

5．Egō scrīpsī litterās mihi. 我给自己写了一封信。

6．Cicerō scrīpsit litterās mihi. 西塞罗给我们写了一封信。

 

第三人称：

 

1．Cicerō laudāvit sē. 西塞罗表扬了他自己。

2．Cicerō laudāvit eum. 西塞罗表扬了他（如凯撒）。

 

3．Rōmānī laudāvērunt sē. 罗马人表扬了他们自己。

4．Rōmānī laudāvērunt eōs. 罗马人们表扬了他们（如希腊人）。

 

5．Puella servāvit sē. 女孩救了她自己。

6．Puella servāvit eam. 女孩救了她（如另一个女孩）。

 

反身所有格：

 

第一人称第二人称和普通的所有格是一样的：meus tuus noster vester

第三人称：suus sua suum。注意和普通的第三人称所有格区别：

比如：

Cicerō laudāvit amīcum suum.

Cicerō laudāvit amīcum eius.

 

Rōmānī laudāvērunt amīcum suum.

Rōmānī laudāvērunt amīcum eōrum.

 

Fēmina scrīpsit litterās amīcīs suīs.

Fēmina scrīpsit litterās amīcīs eius.

Fēmina scrīpsit litterās amīcīs eōrum.

 

表示加强语气的反身代词(intensive pronoun)：ipse ipsa ipsum:

 

这是放在名词或代词后表强调的词，类似英语的he himself, I myself。本身形式不分人称，性数格和人称都根据它修饰的词变化。

 

例子：

 

Cicerō ipse laudāvit mē.西塞罗自己表扬了我。

Cicerō laudāvit mē ipsum.西塞罗表扬了我本人。

Ipse laudāvī eius amīcum.我自己表扬了他（她它）的朋友。

Fīlia scrīpsit litterās vōbīs ipsīs.你女儿写了封信给你本人。

Cicero vīdit Caesaris litterās īpsās.西塞罗看到了凯撒的那封千真万确的信。

 

 

 

单词表：

 

dīvitiae -ārum f pl 财富，财产。

factum -ī n 事情，事件，成就。

signum -ī n 标志，信号，迹象，印章。

ipse ipsa ipsum 强调代词。我自己，你自己，他自己……本人，本身

quisque quidque 不定代词，每一个，每个人。

suī 反身代词，第三人称。他自己，她自己，它自己，他们自己……

doctus -a -um 受教育的，博学的，有技术的

fortūnātus -a -um 幸运的，幸福的

suus -a -um 反身所有格形容词，第三人称。他自己的，她自己的，它自己的，他们自己的。

nam 连词 由于

ante 介词+宾格acc， 在……（时间或地点）之前；先前。如：A.M.=ante merīdiem中午之前。（勿与希腊文anti混淆。anti表示：反……“against”）

per 介词+宾格acc 通过……；经由……（作前缀时，在l-开头的词前变为pel-）；做前缀表示经由，完全，非常。

ōlim 副词 在那时，曾经，以前；将来

alō alere aluī altum 滋养，支持，支撑，增加，珍爱

dīligō dīligere dīlēxī dīlēctum 尊敬，爱

iungō iungere iūnxī iūnctum 连接，参加

stō stāre stetī statum 站立，站着

 

 

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Cōnsulēs sē nec tēcum nec cum illīs aliīs iungēbant.

The consuls joined themselves neither with you nor with those others.

2. Tōtus populus Rōmānus lībertātem āmīsit.

The entire Roman populace has lost its liberty.

3. Rēx malus enim mē ipsum capere numquam potuit.

The evil king has never been able to seize me myself.

4. Ad patrem mātremque eōrum per illum locum tum fūgistis.

At that time, you fled to their father and mother through that place.

5. Dī animōs creant et eōs in corpora hominum ē caelō mittunt.

The gods create souls and send them into the bodies of men from the sky.

6. Ipsī per sē eum in Asiā nūper vīcērunt.

They themselves have recently conquered him in Asia by themselves.

7. In hāc viā Cicerō medicum eius vīdit, nōn suum.

On the way, Cicero saw her doctor, not his own.

8. Nēmō fīliam acerbam cōnsulis ipsīus diū dīligere potuit.

No one was able to love the bitter daughter of the consul himself for long.

9. Hī Cicerōnem ipsum sēcum iūnxērunt, nam eum semper dīlēxerant.

These men joined Cicero himself with themselves, for they had always esteemed him.

10. Fēmina ante illam hōram litterās suās mīserat.

The woman had sent her letter before that time.

11. Ille bonam senectūtem habuit, nam bene vīxerat.

That man had a good old age, for he had lived well.

12. Māter fīlium bene intellēxit, et adulēscēns eī prō patientiā grātiās ēgit.

The mother understood her son well, and the young man thanked her for her patience.

13. However, those young men came to Caesar himself yesterday.

Illi autem adulescentes ad Caesarem ipsum heri venerunt.

14. Cicero, therefore, will never join his (Caesar’s) name with his own.

Cicero igitur nomen eius cum suo numquam iunget.

15. Cicero always esteemed himself and even you esteem yourself.

Cicero se semper dilexit et tu etiam te diligis.

16. Cicero used to praise his own books and I now praise my own books.

Cicero suos laudabat libros et nunc laudo libros meos.

17. The consul Cicero himself had never seen his (Caesar’s) book.

Consul Cicero ipse numquam librum eius viderat.

 

 

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Ipse ad eōs contendēbat equitēsque ante sē mīsit. (Caesar. -- contendō -ere 加速，赶紧，促进。--eques equities m 骑手。)

He himself was hastening to them and sent the horsemen ahead of himself.

2. Ipsī nihil per sē sine eō facere potuērunt. (Cicero.)

They could do nothing by themselves without him.

3. Ipse signum suum et litterās suās ā prīncipiō recognōvit. (Cicero. --recognōscō -ere -cognōvī -cognitum认出。)

He himself recognized his own seal and his own letter from the beginning.

4. Quisque ipse sē dīligit, quod quisque per sē sibi cārus est. (Cicero.)

Each loves himself, because each is precious to himself by himself.

5. Ex vitiō alterīus sapiēns ēmendat suum. (*Publilius Syrus. --sapiēns -entis m 智者，哲学家。--ēmendāre 纠正。)

Out of the fault of another, a wise man corrects his own.

6. Recēde in tē ipsum. (*Seneca. --recēdō -ere 撤退。)

Withdraw into your very self.

7. Animus se ipse alit. (*Seneca.)

The very spirit nourishes itself.

8. Homō doctus in sē semper dīvitiās habet. (Phaedrus.)

A learned man always has riches in himself.

 

 

ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE POWER OF LITERATURE

Magnus ille Alexander multōs scrīptōrēs factōrum suōrum sēcum semper habēbat. Is enim ante tumulum Achillis ōlim stetit et dīxit haec verba: “Fuistī fortūnātus, ō adulēscēns, quod Homērum laudātōrem virtūtis tuae invēnistī.” Et vērē! Nam, sine Iliade illā, īdem tumulus et corpus eius et nōmen obruere potuit. Nihil corpus humānum cōnservāre potest; sed litterae magnae nōmen virī magnī saepe cōnservāre possunt.

(Cicero, Prō Archiā 24. --ille,当在某词后表修饰时，常表示“那个著名的”。--tumulus -ī 坟墓。--Achillēs -lis m 阿该留斯。-Homērus -ī 荷马。--laudātor -tōris 表扬的人[见第八章Latīna Est Gaudium]，在这表示“年代纪编纂者”--vēre 是vērus的副词。--Ilias -adis f 伊利亚特。--obruō -ere 埋葬，掩盖。)

The great Alexander always kept with him many scribes of his deeds. In fact, he once stood before the tomb of Achilles and said these words: "You were fortunate, O young man, because you found Homer the eulogist of your virtue." And truly! For, without the Iliad, it could bury the same tomb and his body and name. Nothing can preserve the human body; but great literature can often preserve a great man's name.

 

THE AUTHORITY OF A TEACHER'S OPINION

Magistrī bonī discipulīs sententiās suās nōn semper dīcere dēbent. Discipulī Pythagorae in disputātiōnibus saepe dīcēbant: “Ipse dīxit!” Pythagorās, eōrum magister philosophiae, erat “ipse”: sententiae eius etiam sine ratiōne valuērunt. In philosophiā autem ratiō sōla, nōn sententia, valēre dēbet.

(Cicero, Dē Nātūrā Deōrum 1.5.10. --Pythagorās -ae m毕达哥拉斯。--disputātiō -ōnis 争论，辩论。)

 

Good teachers should not always say their own opinions to their students. The students of Pythagoras in debate often used to say: "He himself has spoken!" Pythagoras, their teacher of philosophy, was the "himself": his opinions were strong even without reason. But in philosophy, reason alone, not opinion, should be strong.

 

 

第十二课 所有动词的完成时主动形式

Perfect Active System of All Verbs

 

要构成动词的完成时主动形式，我们需要词典里每一个动词的第三个基本形式——直陈主动完成时第一人称单数，如：

laudō laudāre laudāvī laudātum中的laudāvī

 

然后以此为基础完成变位。

 

现在完成时词尾：-ī -istī -it; -imus -istis -ērunt或-ēre

过去完成时词尾：-eram -erās -erat; -erāmus -erātis -erant

将来完成时词尾：-erō -eris -erit; -erimus -eritis -erint

 

几乎没有什么不规范的，唯一需要提醒的是：将来完成时最后一个是-erint。还有就是现在完成时最后一个还可以是-ere，常见于诗歌。

 

单词表：

adulēscēns adulēscentis m & f 年轻人

annus -ī m 年

Asia -ae f 亚洲，常常用来指小亚细亚地区

Caesar Caesaris m 凯撒

māter mātris f 母亲

medicus -ī m & medica -ae 医生

pater patris m 父亲

patientia -ae f 忍耐，耐心，忍受

prīncipium -iī n 开始

acerbus -a -um 残酷的，苦的，悲伤的

prō 介词+夺格abl 在……前边

diū 副词 长时间

nūper 副词 近来

āmittō -mittere -mīsī -missum 释放，让……走

cadō cadere cecidī cāsum 倒下

creō (1) 创造

 

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Vōs nōbīs dē voluptātibus adūlēscentiae tum scrīpsistis.

You(pl.) then wrote to us about the pleasures of youth.

2. Ratiōnēs alterīus fīliae herī nōn fuērunt eaedem.

The other daughter’s reasons yesterday were not the same.

3. Nēmō in hanc viam ex utrā portā fūgerat.

No one had fled into this street from the other gate.

4. Illī autem ad nōs cum medicā eius nūper vēnērunt.

But those men came to us recently with his doctor.

5. Illī adulēscentēs ad nōs propter amīcitiam saepe veniēbant.

Those youths used to come to us often on account of friendship.

6. Eundem timōrem in istō cōnsule sēnsimus.

We sensed the same fear in that consul.

7. Post paucās hōrās Caesar Asiam cēpit.

After a few hours, Caesar captured Asia.

8. Illa fēmina beāta sōla magnam cupiditātem pācis sēnsit.

That blessed woman alone has felt a great longing for peace.

9. Potuistisne bonam vītam sine ūllā lībertāte agere?

Have you(pl.) been able to lead a good life without any liberty?

10. Vēritās igitur fuit tōtī populō cāra.

Therefore truth was dear to the entire populace.

11. Neuter medicus nōmen patris audīverat.

Neither doctor had heard the father’s name.

12. That friendly queen did not remain there a long time.

Regina illa amica ibi non diu remansit.

13. Our mothers had not understood the nature of that place.

Matres nostrae naturam illius loci non intellexerant.

14. However, we had found no fault in the head of our country.

Nullam autem culpam in patriae capite nostrae inveneramus.

15. They kept sending her to him with me.

Eam mecum ad illum mittebant.

 

 

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. In prīncipiō Deus creāvit caelum et terram; et Deus creāvit hominem. (Genesis)

In the beginning, God created the sky and the earth; and God created man.

2. In triumphō Caesar praetulit hunc titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” (Suetonius. -- triumphus -ī triumphal procession凯旋游行。--praeferō -ferre -tulī -lātum to display显示，呈现。 -- titulus -ī placard 布告)

In the triumph, Caesar displayed this placard: “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

3. Vīxit, dum vīxit, bene. (*Terence)

He lived well, while he lived.

4. Adulēscēns vult diū vīvere; senex diū vīxit. (Cicero. -- vult, 不规则，wishes希望。 -- senex senis m old man老年人。)

A young man wishes to live long; an old man has lived long.

5. Nōn ille diū vīxit, sed diū fuit. (*Seneca.)

That man has not lived for a long time, but he has been for a long time.

6. Hui, dīxistī pulchrē. (*Terence. -- hui, “whee!” 哟！啊！-- pulchrē 副词，来自pulcher.副词一般这样由形容词变化构成，详见26-27课。比较：vērē adv, vērus adj; līberē adv, līber adj; bene adv不规则, bonus adj)

Hurray, you(sg.) have spoken finely!

7. Sophoclēs ad summam senectūtem tragoediās fēcit. (*Cicero. -- Sophoclēs -clis 索福克勒斯，著名悲剧作家。-- summus -a -um extreme非常，极度。 -- tragoedia -ae 悲剧。)

Sophocles made tragedies to extreme old age.

8. Illī nōn sōlum pecūniam sed etiam vītam prō patriā prōfūdērunt. (Cicero. -- prōfundō -ere -fūdī -fūsum to pour forth.流出)

They poured forth not only money but also their life for the fatherland.

9. Rēgēs Rōmam ā prīncipiō habuērunt; lībertātem Lūcius Brūtus Rōmānīs dedit. (Tacitus. -- ā+abl. from. 从……，来自……)

Kings held Rome from the beginning; Lucius Brutus gave freedom to the Romans.

10. Sub Caesare autem lībertātem perdidimus. (Laberius. -- perdō -ere -didī -ditum to destroy, lose.破坏，失去。)

However, we lost our freedom under Caesar.

11. Quandō lībertās ceciderit, nēmō līberē dīcere audēbit. (Publilius Syrus.)

When liberty will have fallen, no one will dare to speak freely.

 

 

PLINY WRITES TO MARCELLINUS ABOUT THE DEATH OF FUNDANUS' DAUGHTER

Salvē, Marcellīne! Haec tibi scrībō dē Fundānō, amīcō nostrō; is fīliam cāram et bellam āmīsit. Illa puella nōn XIII annōs vīxerat, sed nātūra eī multam sapientiam dederat. Mātrem patremque, frātrem sorōremque, nōs et aliōs amīcōs, magistrōs magistrāsque semper amābat, et nōs eam amābāmus laudābāmusque. Medicī eam adiuvāre nōn poterant. Quoniam illa autem magnōs animōs habuit, morbum nimis malum cum patientiā tolerāvit. Nunc, mī amīce, mitte Fundānō nostrō litterās dē fortūnā acerbā fīliae eius. Valē.

(Pliny, Epistulae 5.16; see L.I. 40. -- XIII annōs 十三年来。宾格acc表延续的时间，见37课。Minicius Fundanus 在107年担任执政官；他女儿的骨灰盒和以下墓志铭发现于罗马城郊的家庭墓地：D[īs] M[ānibus] Miniciae Marcellae Fundānī f[īliae]; v[īxit] a[nnōs] XII m[ēnsēs] XI d[iēs] VII. --方括号中的文字在原文中省略。-- dī mānēs 意思是spirits of the dead亡者的灵魂，他们保护死去的人。-- mēnsēs 月份。-- diēs 日子。)

 

Hello, Marcelllinus! I write these to you concerning Fundanus, our friend; he has lost his dear and pretty daughter. That girl had not lived for 13 years, but nature had given her much wisdom. She always loved her mother and father, her brother and sister, us and other friends, and her teacher; and we used to love and praise her. The doctors were not able to help her. But since that girl had great courage, she tolerated an illness too evil with patience. Now, my friend, send our Fundanus a letter about his daughter's bitter fortune. Good-bye.

 

DIAULUS STILL BURIES HIS CLIENTS

Nūper erat medicus, nunc est vespillō Diaulus.

Quod vespillō facit, fēcerat et medicus.

(*Martial 1.47; meter: elegiac couplet. -- vespillō -lōnis m 掘墓人，埋葬尸体的人。-- Diaulus的名字放在最后表悬念。-- quod 什么。 --et=etiam而且，甚至)

Recently he was a doctor, now Diaulus is an undertaker.

What he does as undertaker, he had done even as doctor.

 

单词表：

caput capitis n 头，领导；开头；生活；标题；章节

cōnsul cōnsulis m 执政官

nēmō nūllīus nēminī neminem nūllō/nūllā m/f 没有人

ego meī 我

tū tuī 你

is ea id 他她它（单复数）

īdem eadem idem 同样的……

amīcus -a -um 友好的

cārus -a -um 亲爱的

quod 连词 因为

neque, nec, 连词 既非……也非……：neque… neque… / nec… nec…

autem 后置连词 尽管如此，仍然；此外

bene 副词。bonus的副词形式。

etiam 副词。甚至

intellegō intellegere intellēxī intellēctum 理解

mittō mittere mīsī missum 发送

sentiō sentīre sēnsī sēnsum 感觉，思考，经历

 

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Eum ad eam cum aliō agricolā herī mittēbant.

They sent him to her with the other farmer yesterday.

2. Tū autem fīliam beātam eius nunc amās.

You, however, now love his happy daughter.

3. Propter amīcitiam, ego hoc faciō. Quid tū faciēs, mī amīce?

Because of friendship, I do this. What will you do, my friend?

4. Vōsne eāsdem litterās ad eum mittere crās audēbitis?

Will you dare to send the same letter to him tomorrow?

5. Dūc mē ad eius discipulam (ad eam discipulam), amābō tē.

Lead me to his student (to that student), please.

6. Post laborem eius grātiās magnās eī agēmus.

After his great labor, we shall give him great thanks.

7. Tūne vēritātem in eō librō dēmōnstrās?

Do you show truth in this book?

8. Audē, igitur, esse semper īdem.

Therefore, dare to always be the same.

9. Venitne nātūra mōrum nostrōrum ex nōbīs sōlīs?

Does the nature of our character come from us alone?

10. Dum ratiō nōs dūcet, valēbimus et multa bene gerēmus.

While reason will lead us, we shall be strong and accomplish many things well.

11. Illum timōrem in hōc virō ūnō invenīmus.

We find that fear in this man alone.

12. Sine labōre autem nūlla pāx in cīvitātem eōrum veniet.

Without labor, however, no peace will come into their state.

13. Studium nōn sōlum pecūniae sed etiam voluptātis hominēs nimium trahit; aliī eās cupiditātēs vincere possunt, aliī nōn possunt.

Eagerness not only for money but also for pleasure drags humans (around) too much; somecan ove rcome these desires, others cannot.

14. His life was always dear to the whole people.

Vita eius populo toti semper erat cara.

15. You will often find them and their friends with me in this place.

Eas et amicos earum in hoc loco mecum saepe invenies.

16. We, however, shall now capture their forces on this road.

Nos autem copias eorum in ea via nunc capiemus.

17. Since I was saying the same things to him about you and his other sisters, your brother was not listening.

Quoniam eadem de te et aliis eius sororibus ei dicebam, frater tuus non audiebat.

 

 

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Virtūs tua mē amīcum tibi facit. (Horace.)

Your virtue makes me friendly to you.

2. Id sōlum est cārum mihi. (Terence. -- cārus以及其他表示关系或者态度的形容词常常用与格，英文翻译成to或者for。详见35章。)

It alone is precious to me.

3. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. (Pliny. -- bene est, it is well.)

If you healthy, that is well; I am healthy.

4. Bene est mihi quod tibi bene est. (Pliny. 这句话体现了拉丁文的对称美学观哦。)

What is well for you is well for me.

5. “Valē.” “Et tū bene valē.” (Terence.)

“Good-bye.” “And you good-bye (well).”

6. Quid hī dē tē nunc sentiunt? (Cicero.)

What do these men now think of you?

7. Omnēs idem sentiunt. (*Cicero. -- omnēs all men.主格复数)

Everyone thinks the same thing.

8. Videō nēminem ex eīs hodiē esse amīcum tibi. (Cicero. -- 不定式的主语为宾格nēminem。详见25章。)

I see that none of them is a friend of you today.

9. Hominēs vidēre caput Cicerōnis in Rōstrīs poterant. (Livy. -- eius:讲安东尼将西塞罗放逐，并将他的头砍下，放在古罗马广场的演讲台上。)

The men were able to see Cicero’s head on the Rostrum.

10. Nōn omnēs eadem amant aut eāsdem cupiditātēs studiaque habent. (Horace.)

Not all men love the same things or have the same desires and pursuits.

11. Nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē. (*Martial.) --蜜蜂好喜欢Martial的

I can live neither with you nor without you.

12. Vērus amīcus est alter īdem. (Cicero. -- alter īdem: a second self)

A true friend is a “second self.”

 

 

 

 

CICERO DENOUNCES CATILINE IN THE SENATE

Quid facis, Catilīna? Quid cōgitās? Sentīmus magna vitia īnsidiāsque tuās. O tempora! O mōrēs! Senātus haec intellegit, cōnsul videt. Hic tamen vīvit. Vīvit? Etiam in senātum venit; etiam nunc cōnsilia agere audet; oculīs dēsignat ad mortem nōs! Et nōs, bonī virī, nihil facimus! Ad mortem tē, Catilīna, cōnsul et senātus dūcere dēbent. Cōnsilium habēmus et agere dēbēmus; sī nunc nōn agimus, nōs, nōs -- apertē dīcō-- errāmus! Fuge nunc, Catilīna, et dūc tēcum amīcōs tuōs. Nōbīscum remanēre nōn potes; nōn tē, nōn istōs, nōn cōnsilia vestra tolerābō!

(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.ff. 西塞罗任执政官时，Lucius Sergius Catilina, “Catiline,” 策划了一项针对罗马政府的阴谋。本文节选并改写自西塞罗公元前63年针对Catilina的第一次元老院演讲。参见L.I.5-6以及课文第十四章的短文。)

senātus 元老院

dēsignāre 设计，谋划

mors mortis f 死亡

apertē 副词 公开地

What are you doing, Catiline? What are you thinking? We feel your great vices and treachery. O the times! O the customs! (What a time! What a custom!)The senate understands these, the consul sees. This man lives nevertheless. He lives? Even into the senate he comes; even now he dares to lead judgments; with his eyes he designates us to death! And we, good men, we do nothing! The consul and senate should lead you to death, Catiline! We have a decision and we must act; if we do not act now, we, we – I openly say – we are wrong! Flee now, Catiline, and take with you your friends. You can not remain with us; not you, not them, not your judgments will I tolerate!

 

第十一课 人称代词ego, tū和is；指代词is和īdem (Personal Pronouns ego, tū, and is; Demonstratives is and īdem)

 

第一第二人称代词：

 

		I/we	you (sg./pl)
sg.	Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl	ego meī mihi mē mē	tū tuī tibi tē tē
pl.	Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl	nōs nostrum / nostrī nōbīs nōs nōbīs	vōs vestrum / vestrī vōbīs vōs vōbīs

 

 

第三人称代词is ea id同时也是指示代词，并且指示代词的用法更常见：

 

		M (he, they)	F (she, they)	N (it, they)
sg.	Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl	is eius eī eum eō	ea eius eī eam eā	id eius eī id eō
pl.	Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl	eī / iī eōrum eīs eōs eīs	eae eārum eīs eās eīs	ea eōrum eīs ea eīs

 

用法：

当人称代词用在句子的不同位置时，使用相应各格。

 

代词作主语一般省略，罗马人仅仅在表强调时才将主语说出。

 

当使用cum+代词abl格时，一般cum会变成后缀。如：eōs nōbiscum ibi inveniēs

 

第一二人称不用属格修饰名词表归属，而是使用形容词meus -a -um, tuus -a -um; noster nostra nostrum, vester vestra vestrum。（形容词按照所修饰的名词变格。形式同名词第一二种变格。）

属格用法举例：

表宾语：timor tuī, fear of you

表整体的部分：pars meī, part of me

 

第三人称则习惯用属格eius，eōrum/eārum/eōrum表示归属，修饰时没有格的变化。详见P69-70例句。

 

拉丁文常常省略形容词性物主代词，而翻译成英语时候应该适当添加：

patriam amāmus: we love our country

 

is ea id 作指示代词：

表示的语气比hic、ille为轻。可翻译成这/这些、那/那些。当看到is ea id后面紧紧跟着一个名词，而is ea id的性数格都与其一致时，则代表此处为指示代词用法。仔细看书P70例句。

 

指示代词īdem eadem idem表示“同样的”

在is ea id后加-dem表示同样的…。变格基本与is ea id相同。不规则的几个基本是为了发音方便而改变的：

 

	M	F	N
nom gen dat acc abl	eundem	eandem	idem     idem
nom gen dat acc abl	eōrundem	eārundem	eōrundem

 

īdem可作形容词或代词用：

eōsdem mittō.

dē eādem ratiōne cōgitābāmus

第十课 动词第四变位，以及第三变位的-iō动词（Fourth Conjugation and -iō Verbs of the Third）

 

第四变位和第三变位的-iō动词几乎是一样的，区别仅在命令式单数（present imperative active）

 

 

	普通第三变位	第四变位	-iō结尾第三变位
Present Indicative Active
sg.	agō agis agit	audiō audīs audit	capiō capis capit
pl.	agimus agitis agunt	audīmus audītis audiunt	capimus capitis capiunt
Future Indicative Active
sg.	agam agēs aget	audiam audiēs audiet	capiam capiēs capiet
pl.	agemus agētis agent	audiēmus audiētis audient	capiēmus capiētis capient
Imperfect Indicative Active
sg.	agēbam agēbās agēbat	audiēbam audiēbās audiēbat	capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat
pl.	agēbāmus agēbātis agēbant	audiēbāmus audiēbātis audiēbant	capiēbāmus capiēbātis capiēbant
Present Imperative Active
sg.	age	audī	cape
pl.	agite	audīte	capite

 

单词表：

amīcitia -ae f友谊

cupiditās cupiditātis f欲望

hōra -ae f小时，时间

nātura -ae f自然

senectūs senectūtis f 老年

timor timōris m 恐惧

vēritās vēritātis f 真理

via -ae f路，街道

voluptās voluptātis f愉快

beatus -a -um 快乐的，幸运的

quoniam 连词 自从，因……之故

cum 介词+夺格abl 跟……。作为前缀，cum会变成com-, con-, cor-, col-, co-，意思为“跟……，一起，完全地”，或仅仅表强调。

audiō audīre audīvī audītum 听，听见

capiō capere cēpī captum 抓住，拿，得到。在复合词中-a-变成-i-，如-cipiō: ac-cipiō, ex-cipiō, in-cipiō, re-cipiō，等等。

dīcō dīcere dīxī dictum 说，告诉；称，叫做

faciō facere fēcī factum 做。在复合词中-a-变成-i-，如-ficiō: cōn-ficiō, per-ficiō，等等。

fugiō fugere fūgī fugitum 逃离，迅速离开；逃亡；避免，避开

veniō venīre vēnī ventum 来

inveniō invenīre -vēnī -ventum 发现，找出

vīvō vīvere vīxī vīctum 生活

 

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Quid discipulae hodiē discere dēbent?

What should the students learn today?

2. Frātrēs nihil cum ratiōne herī gerēbant.

The brothers were performing without a plan yesterday.

3. Ille magnam virtūtem labōris et studiī docēre saepe audet.

That man often dares to teach the great virtue of work and study.

4. Hic dē senectūte scrībēbat; ille, dē amōre; et alius, dē lībertāte.

This man wrote about old age; that man of love; and another of liberty.

5. Ex librīs ūnīus virī nātūram hārum īnsidiārum dēmōnstrābimus.

From the books of one man, we shall demonstrate the nature of this plot.

6. Istī sōlī victōriam nimis amant; neuter dē pāce cōgitat.

Those men alone love victory too much; neither thinks of peace.

7. Ubi cīvitās ūllōs virōs magnae sapientiae audiet?

When will the state listen to any men of great wisdom?

8. Ex illīs terrīs in hunc locum salvum cum amīcīs vestrīs venīte.

Come out of those countries into this safe place with your(pl.) friends.

9. Post paucās hōrās sorōrem illīus invenīre poterāmus.

After a few hours, we were able to find that man’s sister.

10. Cōpiae vestrae utrum virum ibi numquam capient.

Your troops will never capture either man there.

11. Alter Graecus remedium huius morbī inveniet.

The other Greek will find the cure for this disease.

12. Carmina illīus scrīptōris sunt plēna nōn sōlum vēritātis sed etiam virtūtis.

That writer’s poems are full not only of truth but also of virtue.

13. We shall then come to your land without any friends.

Sine amicis ad terram tuam tum veniemus.

14. While he was living, nevertheless, we were able to have no peace.

Dum vivebat tamen poteramus nullam pacem habere.

15. The whole state now shuns and will always shun these vices.

Tota civitas haec vitia nunc fugit et semper fugiet.

16. He will, therefore, thank the queen and the whole people.

Reginae igitur populoque toti gratias aget.

 

 

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Cupiditātem pecūniae glōriaeque fugite. (Cicero)

Avoid the desire for money and glory.

2. Officium meum faciam. (*Terence.)

I shall do my duty.

3. Fāma tua et vīta fīliae tuae in perīculum crās veniet. (Terence.)

Your fame and your daughter’s life will come into danger tomorrow.

4. Vīta nōn est vīvere sed vālēre. (Martial.)

Life is not living but being well.

5. Semper magnō cum timōre incipiō dīcere. (Cicero. -- incipiō -ere 开始。这句话体现了拉丁文一个特点，介宾结构如cum+abl中，宾语的修饰语放在cum前，而非abl前。)

I always begin to speak with great fear.

6. Sī mē dūcēs, Mūsa, corōnam magnā cum laude capiam. (Lucretius. -- Mūsa -ae 缪斯女神。-- corōna -ae 桂冠)

If you guide me, Muse, I shall take the wreath with great praise.

7. Vīve memor mortis; fugit hōra. (Persius. -- memor 形容词主格单数阳性或阴性，留心的，不忘的。-- mors mortis f 死亡。)

Live mindful of death; time hurries away.

8. Rapite, amīcī, occāsiōnem dē hōrā. (Horace. -- rapiō -ere 抓住。-- occāsiō -ōnis f 机会。)

My friends, snatch the opportunity from the hour.

9. Paucī veniunt ad senectūtem. (*Cicero.)

Few come to old age.

10. Sed fugit, intereā, fugit tempus. (Virgil. -- intereā 副词，同时。-- 动词重复表强调。)

But it flees, meanwhile, time flees.

11. Fāta viam invenient. (*Virgil. -- fātum -ī 命运)

The Fates will find a way.

12. Bonum virum nātūra, nōn ōrdō, facit. (*Publilius Syrus. -- ōrdō -dinis m 地位)

Nature, not rank makes a good man.

13. Obsequium parit amīcōs; vēritās parit odium. (Cicero. -- obsequium -iī 顺从。-- pariō -ere 制造。-- odium -iī 憎恨)

Compliance produces friends; truth produces hatred.

 

 

THE INCOMPARABLE VALUE OF FRIENDSHIP

Nihil cum amīcitiā possum comparāre; dī hominibus nihil melius dant. Pecūniam aliī mālunt; aliī, corpora sāna; aliī, fāmam glōriamque; aliī, voluptātēs -- sed hī virī nimium errant, quoniam illa sunt incerta et ex fortūnā veniunt, nōn ex sapientiā. Amīcitia enim ex sapientiā et amōre et mōribus bonīs et virtūte venit; sine virtūte amīcitia nōn potest esse. Sī nūllōs amīcōs habēs, habēs vītam tyrannī; sī inveniēs amīcum vērum, vīta tua erit beāta.

(Cicero. Dē Amīcitiā, excerpts; see L.A.6. -- comparāre 比较。-- melius 更好。-- mālunt 更喜欢。-- incertus -a -um 不确定的)

 

I can compare nothing with friendship; the gods give nothing better to men. Some prefer money; others, sound bodies; others, fame and glory; others, pleasures – but these men err too much, since those things are unsure and come out of luck, not out of wisdom. Friendship truly comes from wisdom and love and good character and virtue; without virtue friendship cannot be. If you have no friends, you have a tyrant's life; if you will find a true friend, your life will be happy.

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Hic tōtus liber litterās Rōmānās semper laudat.

This entire book always praises Roman literature.

2. Hī igitur illīs deābus herī grātiās agēbant.

These men therefore were thanking those goddesses yesterday.

3. Illud dē vitiīs istīus rēgīnae nunc scrībam, et ista poenās dabit.

I shall now write that about the vices of that queen, and that woman will pay the penalty.

4. Neuter alterī plēnam cōpiam pecūniae tum dabit.

Neither man will then give a full supply of money to the other.

5. Potestne laus ūllīus terrae esse perpetua?

Can the glory of any land be everlasting?

6. Labor ūnīus numquam poterit hās cōpiās vincere.

The work of one man will never overcome these troops.

7. Mōrēs istīus scrīptōris erant nimis malī.

The character of that writer was too evil.

8. Nūllī magistrī, tamen, sub istō vēra docēre audēbant.

Nevertheless, no teachers dared to teach true things under that man.

9. Valēbitne pāx in patriā nostrā post hanc victōriam?

Will peace be strong in our fatherland after this victory?

10. Dum illī ibi remanent, aliī nihil agunt, aliī discunt.

While those men remain there, some do nothing, others learn.

11. Cicero was writing about the glory of the other man and his wife.

Cicero de gloria alterius uxorisque scribebat.

12. The whole state was thanking this man’s brother alone.

Tota civitas fratri huius viri soli gratias agebat.

13. On account of that courage of yours those (men) will lead no troops into these places tomorrow.

Propter istos animos illi nullas copias in haec loca cras ducent.

14. Will either book be able to overcome the faults of these times?

Uterne liber vitia horum temporum vincere poterit?

 

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Ubi illās nunc vidēre possum? (Terence.)

Where can I now see those women?

2. Hic illam virginem in mātrimōnium dūcet. (Terence. -- mātrīmōnium -iī. 结婚)

This man will lead that virgin into matrimony.

3. Huic cōnsiliō palmam dō. (Terence. --palma -ae 代表胜利的棕榈枝)

I give the palm branch to this decision.

4. Virtūtem enim illīus virī amāmus. (Cicero.)

We truly love that man’s virtue.

5. Sōlus hunc iuvāre potes. (Terence.)

You alone can help this man.

6. Poena istīus ūnīus hunc morbum cīvitātis relevābit sed perīculum semper remanēbit. (Cicero. --relevāre 减轻，减少)

The punishment of that one man will relieve this illness of the state, but the danger will always remain.

7. Hī enim dē exitiō huius cīvitātis et tōtīus orbis terrārum cōgitant. (Cicero. --orbis orbis m 圈，环；orbis terrārum 世界)

These men truly think about the destruction of this state and of the entire world.

8. Est nūllus locus utrī hominī in hāc terrā. (Martial.)

There is no place for either man in this land.

9. Nōn sōlum ēventus hoc docet -- iste est magister stultōrum! -- sed etiam ratiō. (Livy. -- ēventus 结果，成果)

Not only does the outcome teach this – that is the teacher of fools! – but reason also (does).

 

 

WHEN I HAVE... ENOUGH!

Habet Africānus mīliēns, tamen captat.

Fortūna multīs dat nimis, satis nūllī.

(Martial 12.10; meter: choliambic. -- Africānus -ī 人名。-- mīliēns 百万。--captāre 争夺遗产。)

 

Africanus has ‘millions’, nevertheless he hunts legacies.

Fortune give too much to many men, enough to none.

 

Sī vīs studēre philosophiae animōque, hoc studium nōn potest valēre sine frūgālitāte. Haec frūgālitās est paupertās voluntāria. Tolle, igitur, istās excūsātiōnēs: “Nōndum satis pecūniae habeō. Sī quandō illud ‘satis’ habēbō, tum mē tōtum philosophiae dabō.” Incipe nunc philosophiae, nōn pecūniae, studēre.

(Seneca, Epistulae 17.5. --vīs 你希望。 --studēre +与格dat., 急切想做，投身于。--frūgālitās -tātis 节俭。)

 

If you wish to study philosophy and the mind, this study cannot be strong without frugality. This frugality is a voluntary poverty. So remove those excuses of yours: “I do not yet have enough money. If ever I shall have that ‘enough’, then I shall give all myself to philosophy.” Begin to study philosophy now, not money.

随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin

 

第八课 动词第三种变位：直陈现在不定式、现在时、将来时、未完成时，命令式

Third Conjugation: Present Infinitive, Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative, Imperative

 

继第七课的名词第三变格之后，动词第三种变位也是另一个需要多花时间的内容。

第三变位和第二变位的动词原型差别仅在于一个长音符：

第二类：-ēre（注意，是长音-ēre）

第三类：-ere（注意，是短音-ere）

 

第三变位直陈现在时词尾：-ō -is -it -imus -it is -unt

直陈将来时词尾没有常见的-bi-标志，而是以-ē-取代之：

-am -ēs -et -ēmus -ētis -ent

直陈未完成时词尾依然有-ba-标志，相对规则些：

-ēbam -ēbās -ēbat -ēbāmus -ēbātis -ēbant

 

命令式：单数-e；复数-ite

不定式：-ere

 

单词表：

Cicerō Cicerōnis m 西塞罗

cōpia -ae f 供应，丰富；cōpiae -ārum pl 供给，军队

frāter frātris m 兄弟

laus laudīs f 表扬，名气

lībertās lībertātis f 自由

ratiō ratiōnis f 理由，判断，考虑；系统；方式，方法

scrīptor scrīptōris m 作家，作者

soror sorōris f 姐妹

victōria -ae f 胜利

dum 连词 当……，一……就……，与此同时……；+虚拟式：直到

ad 介词+宾格acc，到……，到……旁（表示动作的趋向，与表静态的与格dat相区别）ad在构词时，d常常被后面的字母同化，如：accipiō: ad-capiō; appellō: ad-pellō; aspiciō: ad-spiciō。

ex 或 e 介词+夺格abl，从……出来，自……；因为……，由于……。构词时，在元音或辅音前均可用ex，但ē仅用于辅音前。与ad相同，ex 的x也有被同化的现象：excipiō, ēdūcō, ēventus, efficiō (ex-faciō.)

numquam 副词 从不

tamen 副词 尽管如此，依然

agō agere ēgī āctum 领导，带领，做，行动；经过，花费（生命或时间）

dēmōnstrō (1) 指出，表现，证明

discō discere didicī 学习

doceō docēre docuī doctum 教

dūcō dūcere dūxī ductum 领导；考虑，重视；延长

gerō gerere gessī gestum 携带，继续，管理，实现，表现

scrībō scrībere scrīpsī scrīptum 写，撰写

trahō trahere trāxī tractum 拖，拉，源自

vincō vincere vīcī victum 占领，克服

 

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Tempora nostra nunc sunt mala; vitia nostra, magna.

Our times are now bad; our vices, great.

2. Quārē soror mea uxōrī tuae litterās scrībit (scrībet, scrībēbat)?

Why does (will, did) my sister write a letter to your wife?

3. Tyrannus populum stultum ē terrā vestrā dūcet (dūcit, dūcēbat).

The tyrant will (does, did) lead the foolish people out of your land.

4. Ubi satis ratiōnis animōrumque in hominibus erit?

When will there be enough judgment and courage in humans?

5. Cōpia vērae virtūtis multās culpās superāre poterat.

An abundance of true virtue was able to overcome many faults.

6. In līberā cīvitāte adulēscentiam agēbāmus.

In the free state, we spent our youth.

7. Rēgem malum tolerāre numquam dēbēmus.

We should never tolerate a bad king.

8. Post parvam moram multa verba dē īnsidiīs scrīptōrum stultōrum scrībēmus.

After a little delay, we shall write many words of the treachery of foolish writers.

9. The body will remain there under the ground.

Ibi corpus sub terra remanebit.

10. Write (sg. and pl.) many things about the glory of our state.

[Scribe] / [Scribite] multa de gloria civitatis nostrae.

11. Does reason always lead your (pl) queen to virtue?

Ducitne ratio reginam vestram semper ad virtutem?

12. We shall always see many Greek names there.

Multa nomina Graeca ibi semper videbimus.

 

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Frāter meus vītam in ōtiō semper aget. (Terence.)

My brother will always spend his life in leisure.

2. Age, age! Iuvā mē! Dūc mē ad secundum fīlium meum. (Terence. -- age, age=来，来!)

Come, come! Help me! Take me to my second son.

3. O amīcī, lībertātem perdimus. (Laberius. --perdere 破坏)

Oh friends, we are destroying liberty.

4. Nova perīcula populō Rōmānō expōnam sine morā. (Cicero. -- expōnere 暴露，公开)

I shall expose the new dangers to the Roman people without delay.

5. Numquam perīculum sine perīculō vincēmus. (Publilius Syrus.)

We shall never conquer danger without danger.

6. Ex meīs errōribus hominibus rēctum iter dēmōnstrāre possum. (Seneca. --error -rōris. 错误。-- rēctus -a -um 正确的。-- iter itineris n 道路，途径。)

From my errors, I can show the right way to people.

7. Catullus Mārcō Tulliō Cicerōnī magnās grātiās agit. (Catullus.)

Catullus gives great thanks to Marcus Tullius Cicero.

8. Eximia fōrma virginis oculōs hominum convertit. (Livy. -- eximius -a -um, 杰出的。 -- convertere 吸引)

The extraordinary beauty of a maiden attracts people’s eyes.

9. Agamemnon magnās cōpiās ē terrā Graecā ad Trōiam dūcet, ubi multōs virōs necābit. (Cicero. -- Agamemnon -nonis)

Agamemnon will lead his great troops from the Greek country to Troy, where he will kill many men.

10. Amor laudis hominēs trahit. (Cicero.)

Love of praise draws men.

11. Auctōrēs pācis Caesar cōnservābit. (Cicero. -- auctor -tōris 作者。)

Caesar will protect supporters of peace.

12. Inter multās cūrās labōrēsque carmina scrībere nōn possum. (Horace. -- inter prep+ acc., 在……中)

Among many worries and labors, I cannot write poems.

13. Dum in magnā urbe dēclāmās, mī amīce, scrīptōrem trōiāni bellī in ōtiō relegō. -- Trōiānus -a -um. (-- relegere 重读)

While you, my friend, declaim in a large city, I reread the writer of the Trojan war in my leisure.

14. Nōn vītae, sed scholae, discimus. (*Seneca. -- vītae 和 scholae, 表目的的与格dat)

We learn not for life, but for school.

15. Hominēs, dum docent, discunt. (*Seneca.)

While men teach, they learn.

16. Ratiō mē dūcet, nōn fortūna. (Livy.)

Reason will lead me, not fortune.

 

CICERO ON THE ETHICS OF WAGING WAR

Cīvitās bellum sine causā bonā aut propter īram gerere nōn dēbet. Sī fortūnās et agrōs vītāsque populī nostrī sine bellō dēfendere poterimus, tum pācem cōnservāre dēbēbimus; sī, autem, nōn poterimus servāre pātriam lībertātemque nostram sine bellō, bellum erit necessārium. Semper dēbēmus dēmōnstrāre, tamen, magnum officium in bellō, et magnam clēmentiam post victōriam.

(Cicero. Dē Officiīs 1.11.34-36 and Dē Pūblicā 3.23.34-35, and see L.A. 7 for a fuller adaptation. --causa -ae. 原因。-- dēfendere 抵抗。 --autem 连词，然而。--necessārius -a -um 必要的。 --clēmentia -ae 仁慈。)

The state should not wage war without good cause or because of anger. If we will be able to defend the fortunes and farms and lives of our people without war, then we will owe it to preserve peace; if, however, we will not be able to guard fatherland and our liberty without war, war will be necessary. Nevertheless we should show great duty in war, and great mercy after victory.

 

 随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第七课 （下）

 

单词表：

amor, amōris m 爱

carmen carminis n 歌，诗

cīvitās cīvitātis f 国家，公民身份

corpus corporis n 身体

homō hominis m 人

labor labōris m 劳动，工作；产品

littera -ae f 字母；litterae -ārum pl 书信

mōs mōris m 习惯，习俗； mōrēs mōrum pl 习惯，特征

nōmen nōminis n 名字

pāx pācis f 和平

rēgīna -ae f 王后

rēx rēgis m 国王

tempus temporis n 时间；场合；机会

terra -ae f 土地，领土，国家

uxor uxōris f 妻子

virgō virginis f 少女

virtūs virtūtis f 勇气，刚毅，杰出，品质，价值，美德

novus -a -um 新的；陌生的

post 介词+宾格acc 在……之后

sub 介词：跟行为动词时+宾格acc  跟其他动词时+夺格abl 在……下，靠近……

audeō audēre ausus sum 敢于

necō (1) 杀人，杀死

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Secundās litterās discipulae herī vidēbās et de verbīs tum cōgitābās.

You saw the student’s second letter yesterday and then thought about the words.

2. Fēminae sine morā cīvitātem dē īnsidiīs et exitiō malō monēbunt.

The women will warn the state about the ambush and wicked destruction without delay.

3. Rēx et rēgīnā igitur crās nōn audēbunt ibi remanēre.

The king and queen therefore will not dare remain there tomorrow.

4. Mōrēs graecōrum nōn erant sine culpīs vitiīsque.

The Greeks’ customs were not without faults and vices.

5. Quandō hominēs satis virtūtis habēbunt?

When will men have enough virtue?

6. Corpora vestra sunt sāna et animī sunt plēnī sapientiae.

Your bodies are sound and your minds are full of wisdom.

7. Propter mōrēs hūmānōs pācem vēram nōn habēbimus.

Because of human character we shall not have true peace.

8. Poteritne cīvitās perīcula temporum nostrōrum superāre?

Will the state be able to overcome the dangers of our times?

9. Post bellum multōs librōs dē pāce et remediīs bellī vidēbant.

After the war, they kept seeing many books about peace and the remedies for war.

10. Officia sapientiamque oculīs animī possumus vidēre.

We can see duties and wisdom with the eyes of the spirit.

11. Without sound character we cannot have peace.

Sine moribus sanis pacem habere non possumus.

12. Many students used to have small time for Greek literature.

Multi discipuli parvum tempus litteris Graecis habebant. (Greek Literature用与格dat)

13. After bad times true virtue and much labor will help the state.

Post tempora mala virtus vera et labor multus civitatem adiuvabunt.

14. The daughters of your friends were dining there yesterday.

Ibi filiae amicorum vestrorum heri cenabant.

 

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Homō sum. (*Terence.)

I am a man.

2. Nihil sub sōle novum (*Ecclesiastes. --sōl, sōlis m 太阳。-- novum: 省略了 est.)

Nothing beneath the sun [is] new.

3. Carmina nova dē adulēscentiā virginibus puerīsque nunc cantō. (Horace. --cantāre 唱歌)

I now sing new songs about youth for maidens and boys.

4. Laudās fortūnam et mōrēs antīquae plēbis. (*Horace. --plēbs, plēbis f 普罗大众)

You praise the fortune and character of the ancient plebs.

5. Bonī propter amōrem virtūtis peccāre ōdērunt. (Horace. --peccāre 有罪sin --ōdērunt 恨)

Good men hate to sin because of love for virtue.

6. Sub prīncipe dūrō temporibusque malīs audēs esse bonus. (Martial. --prīnceps -cipis m 领袖，王子；dūrus -a -um 困难的，艰难的)

Under a harsh prince and bad times, you dare to be good.

7. Populus stultus virīs indignīs honōrēs saepe dat. (Horace. --honor -nōris 荣誉，职位。--indignus -a -um 不值得的，不足取的)

Foolish people often give public offices to unworthy men.

8. Nōmina stultōrum in parietibus et portīs semper vidēmus. (Cicero. -- pariēs -etis m 建筑物的墙壁)

We always see the name of the foolish on the walls and gates of buildings.

9. ōtium sine litterīs mors est. (*Seneca. --mors mortis f 死亡)

Leisure without literature is death.

10. Multae nātiōnēs servitūtem tolerāre possunt; nostra cīvitās nōn potest. Praeclāra est recuperātiō lībertātis. (Cicero. --nātiō -ōnis 国家。--servitūs -tūtis 奴隶状态，惩役。--praeclārus -a -um 高贵的，非凡的。--recuperātiō -ōnis 恢复。 --lībertās -tātis 自由)

Many nations can tolerate servitude; our state cannot. Remarkable is the recovery of liberty.

11. Nihil sine magnō labōre vīta mortālibus dat. (Horace. --mortālis -tālis 凡人)

Life gives nothing to mortals without great effort.

12. Quōmodo in perpetuā pāce salvī et līberī esse poterimus? (Cicero. --quōmodo 怎么how)

How will we be able to be safe and free in perpetual peace?

13. Glōria in altissimīs Deō et in terrā pāx hominibus bonae voluntātis. (*Luke. --altissimus abl pl 最高的。 --voluntās -tātis 意志，意愿，决心)

Glory to God in the highest and peace to men of good will on earth.

 

 

THE RAPE OF LUCRETIA

Tarquinius Superbus erat rēx Rōmānōrum, et Sextus Tarquinius erat fīlius malus tyrannī. Sextus Lucrētiam, uxōrem Collātīnī, rapuit, et fēmina bona, propter magnum amōrem virtūtis, sē necāvit. Rōmānī antīquī virtūtem animōsque Lucrētiae semper laudābant et Tarquiniōs culpābant.

(Livy 1.58)

 

Tarquinius Superbus was a king of the Romans, and Sextus Tarquinius was the tyrant's evil son. Sextus raped Lucretia, the wife of Collatinus, and the good woman because of great love of virtue killed herself. Ancient Romans always praised the virtue and courage of Lucretia and they blamed the Tarquins.

 

CATULLUS DEDICATES HIS POETRY BOOK

Cornēliō, virō magnae sapientiae, dabō pulchrum librum novum. Cornēlī, mī amīce, librōs meōs semper laudābās, et es magister doctus litterārum! Quārē habē novum labōrem meum: fāma librī (et tua fāma) erit perpetua.

(Catullus 1, prose adaptation; see L.I. 1. Catullus dedicated his first book of poems to the historian and biographer Cornelius Nepos. -- doctus -a -um 博学的，学者的)

 

I will give my fine new book to Cornelius, a man of great wisdom. Cornelius, my friend, you always praised my books, and you are a learned master of literature! So have my new labor: the book's fame (and your fame) will be forever.