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October 29 小蜜蜂欢迎各位来我的空间最近上我的空间并给我留言的朋友越来越多，各位的留言让我感受到了国内学习拉丁文的热情。小蜜蜂很高兴认识各位学友，也很受各位鼓励。
最近很可惜的是魔法英语论坛的拉丁文板暂时关闭了，这导致了很多资源无法共享。蜜蜂这里所有的资源仅限于wheelock和Cambridge。然而蜜蜂无法与大家分享全本wheelock和所有四册cambridge，不仅因为版权问题，更主要因为我并无全本电子文档。需要教材的学友请从以下网站搜寻：
感谢我的拉丁文老师L，这里有所有wheelock的课文，部分Wheelock Reader和Cambridge。还有单词朗读录音，可以帮助对读音有疑惑的学友。
蜜蜂学业繁忙，可能无法一一回答各位的问题。还请各位谅解。
最后祝大家学习愉快。:) Aequum animum in rēbus difficilibus servā. (Horace.) October 27 随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第二十九课（下）随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第二十九课（下）
PRACTICE AND REVIEW 1. Prīnceps arma meliōra in manibus mīlitum posuit, ut hostēs terrērent. The commander put better weapons in the soldiers’ hands, so that they could frighten the enemy. 2. Hostēs quidem negāvērunt sē arma dissimilia habēre. Indeed, the enemy denied that they had different weapons. 3. Pars mīlitum lūcem diēī vītāvit nē hīc vidērentur. A portion of the soldiers avoided the light of day, lest they be seen here. 4. Sōlem prīmam lūcem caelī superī, lūnam prīmam lūcem vesperī, et stēllās oculōs noctis appellābant. They used to call the sun the first light of the sky above, the moon the first light of the evening, and the stars the eyes of the night. 5. Illī adulēscentēs sapientiae dēnique cēdant ut fēlīciōrēs hīs sint. Let those youths finally yield to wisdom so they may be happier than these ones. 6. Sapientēs putant beneficia esse potentiōra quam verba acerba et turpia. Wise men consider kindnesses to be more powerful than harsh and shameful words. 7. Quīdam magister verba tam dūra discipulīs dīxit ut discēderent. A certain teacher spoke such harsh words to the students that they left. 8. Respondērunt auctōrem hōrum novem remediōrum esse medicam potentissimam. They answered that the creator of these nine cures was the ablest doctor. 9. Nihil vērō tam facile est ut sine labōre id facere possīmus. Nothing is indeed so easy that we can accomplish it without labor. 10. Prō labōre studiōque patria nostra nōbīs plūrimās occāsiōnēs bonās praestat. In return for labor and zeal, our fatherland offers us (very) many good opportunities. 11. Parentēs plūrima ōscula dedērunt nātae gracilī, in quā maximam dēlectātiōnem semper inveniēbant. The parents gave (very) many kisses to their thin daughter, in whom they always found the greatest delight. 12. The words of the philosopher were very difficult, so that those listening were unable to learn them. Difficillima erant verba philosophi, ut audientes ea discere non possent. 13. The two women wished to understand these things so that they might not live base lives. Duae feminae haec volebat intellegere ne agerent vitas turpis. 14. Those four wives were so pleasant that they received very many kindnesses. Ita dulces illae quattuor uxores erant ut plurima beneficia acciperent. 15. He said that the writer’s third poem was so beautiful that it delighted the minds of thousands of citizens. Tertium scriptoris carmen dixit esse tam pulchrum ut milium civium delectaret mentes.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE 1. omnia vincit Amor; et nōs cēdāmus Amōrī. (Virgil.) Loves conquers all things; and let us yield to Love. 2. Urbem clārissimam condidī; mea moenia vīdī; explēvī cursum quem Fāta dederant. (Virgil.) I have founded the most famous city; I have seen my city-walls; I have completed the course which the Fates had given. 3. Ita dūrus erās ut neque amōre neque precibus mollīrī possēs. (Terence. --prex precis f 祈祷。) You were so stern that neither by love nor by prayers could you be softened. 4. Nēmō quidem tam ferōx est ut nōn mollīrī possit, cultūrā datā. (Horace. --cultūra -ae) Certainly no one is so fierce that he cannot be softened, with culture having been given. 5. Difficile est saturam nōn scrībere; nam quis est tam patiēns malae urbis ut sē teneat. (Juvenal. --patiēns gen patientis 对……容忍) It is difficult to not write a satire; for who is so tolerant of the evil city that he can restrain himself? 6. Fuit quondam in hāc rē pūblicā tanta virtūs ut virī fortēs cīvem perniciōsum ācriōribus poenīs quam acerbissimum hostem reprimerent. (Cicero. --perniciōsus -a -um pernicious有害的。--re-primō, cp. opprimō.) acer acris acre sharp, bitter, pointed, piercing; keen; severe acerbus -a -um harsh, bitter There once was such great virtue in this republic that brave men would press back a pernicious citizen with harsher punishments than the bitterest enemy. 7. Ita praeclāra est recuperātiō lībertātis ut nē mors quidem in hāc rē sit fugienda. (Cicero. --recuperātiō -ōnis recovery.恢复，复原) So remarkable is the recovery of liberty that not even death should be fled in this matter. 8. Nē ratiōnēs meōrum perīculōrum ūtilitātem reī pūblicae vincant. (Cicero. --ūtilitās -tātis advantage好处，长处；比较：ūtilis.) Let the reasons of my dangers not defeat the republic’s advantage. 9. Eō tempore Athēniēnsēs tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut decemplicem numerum hostium superārent, et hōs sīc perterruērunt ut in Asiam refugerent. (Nepos. --Athēniēnsēs -ium Athenians.雅典人--decemplex -icis tenfold.十倍的 --per-terreō.) perterreo perterrere perterrui perterritus frighten greatly, terrify In that time, the Athenians showed so much virtue that they could overcome tenfold the number of the enemy, and they so terrified them that they fled back into Asia. 10. Ōrātor exemplum dignum petat ab Dēmosthene illō, in quō tantum studium tantusque labor fuisse dīcuntur ut impedīmenta nātūrae dīligentiā industriāque superāret. (Cicero. --exemplum -ī 例子。--Dēmosthenēs -thenis 一个著名的希腊演说家。--impedīmentum -ī. 障碍，口吃。--dīligentia -ae. 勤奋。--industria -ae.勤奋) Let the orator seek a worthy example from Demosthenes, in whom such great study and such great effort are said to have existed, so that he might overcome the impediments of nature by diligence and industry. 11. Praecepta tua sint brevia ut cito mentēs discipulōrum ea discant teneantque memoriā fidēlī. (Horace. --praeceptum -ī precept.) Let your precepts be brief so the students’ minds may learn them quickly and may keep faithful memories. 12. Nihil tam difficile est ut nōn possit studiō invēstīgārī. (Terence. --invēstīgāre, to track down, investigate.) Nothing is so difficult it cannot be investigated with zeal. 13. Bellum autem ita suscipiātur ut nihil nisi pāx quaesīta esse videātur. (Cicero.) (suscipio suscipere suscepi susceptus; quaereo quaerere quaesivi quaesitus) However, let war be thus undertaken so that nothing except peace is seen to have been sought. 14. Tanta est vīs probitātis ut eam etiam in hoste dīligāmus. (Cicero.) probitas probitatis f So great is the force of probity that we love it even in an enemy.
HOW MANY KISSES ARE ENOUGH? Quaeris, Lesbia, quot bāsia tua sint mihi satis? Tam multa bāsia quam magnus numerus Libyssae harēnae aut quam sīdera multa quae, ubi tacet nox, furtīvōs amōrēs hominium vident -- tam bāsia multa (nēmō numerum scīre potest) sunt satis Catullō īnsānō! (Catullus 7; prose adaptation. --quot...sint, how many...are (an indirect question; see Ch.30) --Libyssae, Libyan, African. --harēna -ae sand, here=the grains of sand. --furtīvus -a -um stolen, secret. --īnsānus -a -um) Lesbia, you ask how many of your kisses are enough for me? So many kisses as the great number of Libyan sands or as the many stars which, when the night is silent, see the secret loves of men – so many kisses (no one can know the number) are enough for insane Catullus.
THE NERVOUSNESS OF EVEN A GREAT ORATOR Ego dēhinc ut respondērem surrēxī. (Cicero. Prō Cluentiō 51.) Then I rose to respond. Quā sollicitūdine animī surgēbam -- dī immortālēs -- et quō timōre! sollicitūdō -dinis f anxiety With what anxiety of spirit I arose – immortal gods – and with what fear! Semper quidem magnō cum metū incipiō dīcere. Always indeed I begin to speak with great dread. Quotiēnscumque dīcō, mihi videor in iūdicium venīre nōn sōlum ingeniī sed etiam virtūtis atque officiī. quotiēnscumque adv whenever The genitives ingeniī, virtūtis, and officiī all modify iūdicium ingenium ingeniī n nature, character, talent Whenever I speak, I seem to myself to come into judgment not only of talent but also of virtue and duty. Tum vērō ita sum perturbātus ut omnia timērem. perturbāre to disturb, confuse, perturb Then I am truly so perturbed that I am afraid of everything. Dēnique mē collēgī et sīc pugnāvī, sīc omnī ratiōne contendī ut nēmō mē neglēxisse illam causam putāret. colligō -ere -lēgī -lēctum to gather, collect, control Finally I have collected myself and thusly have I fought, by all reason I have thusly contended that no one may think that I have neglected that case.
YOU'RE ALL JUST WONDERFUL! Nē laudet dignōs, laudat Callistratus omnēs: cui malus est nēmō, quis bonus esse potest? (*Martial 12.80; meter: elegiac couplet. --dignōs, i.e., only the deserving. --Calistratus, a Greek name, meant to suggest perhaps a former slave. --quis...potest, supply eī, antedecent of cui, to a man to whom.) Lest he praise the worthy, Callistratus praises all: to whom no one is bad, who can be good? October 13 随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第二十九课（上）第二十九课 未完成时虚拟语气；Sum和Possum在现在时和未完成时的虚拟语气；结果从句 Chapter 29 Imperfect Subjunctive; Present and Imperfect Subjunctive of Sum and Possum; Result Clauses未完成时的虚拟语气
非常简单，完全规则，且无视动词的不同变位：
Sum和Possum在现在时和未完成时的虚拟语气 现在时虚拟为不规则，未完成时则符合上述规则
未完成时虚拟语气的用法和翻译 当主句为过去时态时，用于目的和结果从句。 翻译视具体情况而定，有时用were, would，在目的从句中可用might。 Hoc dīcit ut eōs iuvet. He says this (in order) to help them. so that he may help them. Hoc dīxit (dīcēbat) ut eōs iuvāret. He said (kept saying) this (in order) to help them. so that he might help them. Hoc facit nē urbs capiātur. He does this so that the city may not be captured. Hoc fēcit (faciēbat) nē urbs caperētur. He did (was doing) this so that the city might not be captured.
结果从句 结果从句的标志是以ut开头，包含（通常在末尾）一个虚拟时态的动词。 与目的从句的区分：1，从上下文。2，结果从句的主句通常包含一个副词（ita, tam, sīc, so）或者形容词（tantus, so much, so great）表示程度并示意下面将跟着一个结果从句。若从句描述一否定结果，将会有否定词如nōn, nihil, nēmō, numquam或nūllus（而目的从句的否定则以nē引导）。 结果从句通常翻译成直陈式，（may或might仅在表达可能性或理想性结果而非真实结果时采用）。 Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did such great things that he saved the city.(结果从句) Haec fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did these things that he might savethe city.(目的从句) Tam strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things.(结果从句) Strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. He works energetically so that he may accomplish many things.(目的从句) Hoc tantā benevolentiā dīxit ut eōs nōn offenderet. He said this with such great kindness that he did not offend them.(结果从句) Hoc magnā benevolentiā dīxit nē eōs offenderet. He said this with great kindness in order that he might not offend them.(目的从句) Saltus erat angustus, ut paucī Graecī multōs mīlitēs prohibēre possent. The pass was narrow, so that a few Greeks were able to stop many soldiers.(结果从句) （在最末例中，主句无标志性词语如ita或tam，然而从上下文中可清晰辨认该句为结果从句）
单词表： fātum -ī n 命运，死亡 ingenium -iī n 自然，内在禀赋 moenia moenium n pl 城墙 nāta -ae f 女儿 ōsculum -ī n 亲吻 sīdus sīderis n 星星，星座 dignus -a -um +abl 值得 dūrus -a -um 困难的，艰难的， tantus -a -um 如此大，如此程度 dēnique adv 最后，最终，终于 ita adv 与形容词、动词、副词连用：如此、以致 quidem postpositive adv 当然，甚至，至少；nē...quidem, not ...even 甚至……也不 sīc adv,通常接动词 如此，以致于 tam adv与形容词和副词连用 如此，到如此程度；tam...quam 如此……以致 vērō adv 实在，当然，然而 condō -dere -didī -ditum 放在一起或放进，储藏；建立 contendō -tendere -tendī -tentum 斗争，奋斗，主张；催促，加紧 molliō mollīre mollīvī mollītum 软化，使……平静或减少敌意 pugnō (1) 打斗 respondeō -spondēre -spondī -spōnsum 回答 surgō surgere surrēxī surrēctum 起立，升起
随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第二十八课（下）单词表 armā -ōrum n pl 兵器，武器 cursus -ūs m 跑步，比赛；跑道，过程 lūna -ae f 月亮 occāsiō occāsiōnis f 场合，时机，机会 parēns parentis m/f 父母 stēlla -ae f 星星，行星 vesper vesperis or vesperī m 晚上；晚上的星星 mortuus -a -um 死的 prīnceps gen prīncipis 主要的，首要的；m/f 领导，皇帝 ut conj+subj 目的是，为了；conj+indic 当……时 nē adv & conj 加虚拟表命令或目的：不要……，勿……，为了不…… cēdō cēdere cessī cessum 离开，撤退；投降，放弃 dēdicō (1) 献身，致力于 egeō egēre eguī +abl or gen 需要，缺乏，想要 expleō -plēre -plēvī -plētum 充满，填充，完成 praestō -stāre -stitī -stitum 胜出；展览，展示，提供，装备 taceō tacēre tacitum 沉默，不提及
PRACTICE AND REVIEW 1. Auctor sapiēns et dīligēns turpia vītet et bona probet. Let a wise and careful author avoid the base and approve the good. 2. Itaque prō patriā etiam maiōra meliōraque nunc faciāmus. And so, let us do even greater and better things for the fatherland. 3. Nepōs tuun ā mēnsā discēdat nē ista verba acerba audiat. Let your grandson leave the table so as not to hear those harsh words. 4. Nē imperātor superbus crēdat sē esse fēlīciōrem quam virum humillimum. Let a proud emperor not believe himself to be more fortunate than the most humble man. 5. Quisque petit quam fēlīcissimum et urbānissimum modum vītae. Each seeks the happiest and most elegant way of life possible. 6. Quīdam dēlectātiōnēs et beneficia aliīs praestant ut beneficia similia recipiant. Some offer kindnesses and pleasures to others so that they may receive similar kindnesses. 7. Multī medicī lūcem sōlis fuisse prīmum remedium putant. Many doctors think that the sun’s light was the best (i.e. prime) remedy. 8. Imperium ducī potentiōrī dabunt ut hostēs ācerrimōs āvertat. They will give imperium to a rather powerful leader so he may turn away the fiercest enemy. 9. Hīs verbīs trīstibus nūntiātīs, pars hostium duōs prīncipēs suōs relīquit. With these sad words announced, a faction of the enemy left behind their own two generals. 10. Maiōrēs putābant deōs superōs habēre corpora hūmāna pulcherrima et fortissima. The ancestors used to think that the gods above had the most beautiful and strongest human bodies. 11. Uxor pudīca eius haec decem ūtilissima tum probāvit. His chaste wife then recommended these ten very useful things. 12. Let him not think that those dissimilar laws are worse than the others (translate with and without quam). Ne putet illas leges dissimiles esse [peiores quam alias] / [peiores aliis]. 13. They will send only twenty men to do this very easy thing in the forum. Illi ut faciant hanc rem facillimam in foro decem viros solos mittent. 14. They said: “let us call the arrogant emperor a most illustrious man in order not to be expelled from the country. “Appellemus,” inquiunt, “clarissimum imperatorem superbissimum ne e patria expellamur.” 15. Therefore, let them not order this very wise and very good woman to depart from the dinner. Itaque ne hanc sapientissimam feminam atque optimam ab cena discedere iubeant.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE 1. Ratiō dūcat, nōn fortūna. (*Livy.) Let reason lead, not luck. 2. Arma togae cēdant. (Cicero. --toga -ae.) Let arms yield to the toga. 3. Ex urbe nunc discēde nē metū et armīs opprimar. (Cicero.) Now leave from the city so that I may not be suppressed by fear and weapons. 4. Nunc ūna rēs mihi prōtinus est facienda ut maximum ōtium et sōlācium habeam. (Terence.) Now one thing must be done by me immediately in order to have the greatest peace and solace. 5. Rapiāmus, amīcī, occāsiōnem dē diē. (*Horace.) Let us take the opportunity from the day, my friends. 6. Corpus enim somnō et multīs aliīs rēbus eget ut valeat; animus ipse sē alit. (Seneca.) Truly, the body is in need of sleep and many other things in order to be strong; the spirit nourishes itself. 7. Quī beneficium dedit, taceat; narret quī accēpit. (*Seneca.) Let him who gave a gift be silent; let him who received it speak. 8. Dē mortuīs nihil nisi bonum dīcāmus. (Diogenes Laertius.) Let us speak nothing except good of the dead. 9. Parēns ipse nec habeat vītīa nec toleret. Let a parent neither have vices himself, nor tolerate them. 10. In hāc rē ratiō habenda est ut monitiō acerbitāte careat. (Cicero.--nonitiō -ōnis admonition. --acerbitās -tātis, noun of acerbus.) In this matter, reason must be had so that admonition may not lack acerbity. 11. Fēminae ad lūdōs semper veniunt ut videant --et ut ipsae videantur. (Ovid.) Women always come to the game to watch – and also to be watched themselves. 12. Arma virumque canō quī prīmus ā lītoribus Trōiae ad Italiam vēnit. (Virgil. --canō -ere, to sing about.) Of arms and a man I sing, who first came from the shores of Troy to Italy.
PLEASE REMOVE MY NAME FROM YOUR MAILING LIST! Cūr nōn mitto meōs tibi, Pontiliāne, libellōs? Nē mihi tū mittās, Pontiliāne, tuōs. (*Martial 7.3; meter: elegiac couplet. Roman poets, just like American writers, would often exchange copies of their works with one another; but Pontilianus’ poems are not Martial’s cup of tea! --mitto: final -ō was often shortened in latin verse. --Pontiliānus -ī. --Nē...mittās not jussive, but porpose, following he implied statement, “I don’t send mine to you...”) Why do I not send my booklets to you, Pontilianus? Lest you, Pontilianus, send me yours.
TO HAVE FRIENDS ONE MUST BE FRIENDLY Ut praestem Pyladēn, aliquis mihi praestet Orestēn. Hoc nōn fit verbīs, Mārce; ut amēris, amā. (*Martial 6.11.9-10; meter: elegiac couplet. Orestes and Pylades were a classic pair of very devoted friends; Martial cannot play the role of Pylades unless someone proves a real Orestes to him. --Pyladēn and Orestēn are Greek acc.sg.forms. --fit, is accomplished) That I should play the role of Pylades, let someone show themselves as Orestes for me. This is not accomplished by words, Marcus; in order to be loved, you should love.
THE DAYS OF THE WEEK Diēs dictī sunt ā deīs quōrum nōmina Rōmānī quibusdam stēllīs dēdicāvērunt. (Isidore of Seville, Orīginēs 5.30, 7th cen. The days are named after (from) the gods whose names the Romans have dedicated to certain stars. Primum enim diem ā Sōle appellāvērunt, quī prīnceps est omnium stēllārum ut īdem diēs est prae omnibus diēbus aliīs. Indeed, the first day they named after the Sun, which is foremost of all the stars as the same day is before all other days. Secundum diem ā Lūnā appellāverunt, quae ex Sōle lūcem accēpit. They named the second day after the Moon, which receives light from the Sun. Tertium ab stēllā Mārtis, quae vesper appellātur. Quārtum ab stēllā Mercuriī. Quīntum ab stēllā Iovis. --Mārs, Mārtis. --Mercurius -ī. --Iuppiter Iovis. The third after the star of Mars, which is called the evening star. The fourth after the star of Mercury. The fifth after the star of Jupiter. Sextum ā Veneris stēllā, quam Lūciferum appellāvērunt, quae inter omnēs stēllās plūrimum lūcis habet. --Venus, Veneris. --Lūciferus -ī Lucifer, light-bringer. The sixth after the star of Venus, which they called Lucifer (light-bearer), which among all the stars has the most light. Septimum ab stēllā Sāturnī, quae dīcitur cursum suum trīgintā annīs explēre. --Sāturnus -ī. --trīgintā 30. The seventh after the star of Saturn, which is said to complete its course in thirty years. Apud Hebraeōs autem diēs prīmus dīcitur ūnus diēs sabbatī, quī in linguā nostrā diēs dominicus est, quem pāgānī Sōlī dēdicāvērunt. --Hebraeus -ī Hebrew. --sabbatum -ī the Sabbath; ūnus diēs sabbatī, i.e., the first day after the Sabbath. --dominicus -a -um of the Lord, the Lord’s. --pāgānus -ī rustic, peasant; here, pagan.) Among the Hebrews however, the first day is called day one of Sabbath, which in our language is the Lord's day, which the pagans have dedicated to the Sun. Sabbatum autem septimus diēs ā dominicō est, quem pātānī Sāturnō dēdicāvērunt. But the Sabbath is the seventh day from the Lord's, which the pagans dedicated to Saturn. 随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第二十八课（上）第二十八课 虚拟语态；现在时虚拟；祈使句和目的从句 Chapter 28 Subjunctive Mood; Present Subjunctive; Jussive and Purpose Clauses在此前我们学过直陈式（Indicative）和命令式（Imperative）两种语气（Mood），虚拟语气是拉丁文的第三种也是最后一种语气。简单介绍见书186-187页。简单来说就是表达与事实相反或可能性、理想状态。英语与之类似。
虚拟语气共有四种时态（Tense） 虚拟现在时在本章介绍，其构成规则与其他三种有所不同。 虚拟未完成时见第二十九课 虚拟完成时和虚拟过去完成时见第三十课
虚拟从句 自本章起将陆续介绍各种虚拟从句 祈使虚拟式和目的从句the jussive subjunctive and purpose clauses见本课 结果从句result clauses见二十九课 间接问句indirect questions见三十课 cum从句cum clauses见三十一课 让步从句proviso clauses见三十二课 条件conditions（分三种不同的虚拟）见三十三课 祈使名词从句jussive noun clauses见三十六课 关系从句表特点relative clausese of characteristic见三十八课 恐怕从句fear clauses见四十课
虚拟现在时的变位：
在第一种变位中，原先的-ā-转化为-ē-。 其他三种变位中，-ā-则始终是虚拟现在时的标志。但需要注意词干的变化： 第二种变位中-ē-变为短音； 第三种变位中词干最后一个元音被取代； 第四种变位和-i-词干第三种变位中-ī-变为短音。
因此必须记住动词属于哪种变位，否则很容易与直陈式混淆。
被动语态（voice）的虚拟语气现在时为规则变化：
虚拟现在时的翻译 英语翻译时虽然有时采用may来翻译，但事实上根据从句的不同而变化，应区别对待。
祈使虚拟语气 虚拟语气经常使用于从句，然而也有一些单独成句的用法，祈使虚拟语气就是最典型的单独用法。该用法表达对单复数第一人称或第三人称的命令或劝告（第二人称则通常用命令语气imperative，当然也可以用虚拟，只是少见些）；否定句则添加nē。 翻译时一般采用may, should, let。
Cōgitem nunc dē hāc rē, et tum nōn errābō. Let me know about this matter, and then I will not make a mistake. Discipulus discat aut discēdat. Let the student either learn or leave. Doceāmus magnā cum dēlectātiōne linguam Latīnam. Let us teach the Latin language with great delight. Nē id faciāmus. Let us not do this. Audeant illī virī et fēminae esse fortēs. Let those men and women dare to be brave.
目的从句Purpose Clauses 目的从句表达主句动作的目的或对象。拉丁文经常采用ut/nē引导的虚拟从句；翻译时经常用may。通常可翻译为从句，若从句主语和主句相同，也可翻译为不定式。拉丁文句子可以有不同的英译： Hoc dīcit ut eōs iuvet. He says this to help them. in order to help them. that he may help them. so that he may help them. in order that he may help them.
Discēdit nē id audiat. Cum cūrā docet ut discipulī bene discant. Hoc facit nē capiātur. Librōs legimus ut multa discāmus. Bonōs librōs nōbīs dent nē malōs legāmus.
October 09 随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第二十七课（下）
PRACTICE AND REVIEW 1. quisque cupit quam pulcherrima atque ūtilissima dōna dare. Each wants to give the finest and most useful gifts possible. 2. quīdam turpēs habent plūrima sed etiam plūra petunt. Some shameful men have (very) many things but also seek (rather) many things. 3. Ille ōrātor, ab tyrannō superbissimō expulsus, ducem iūcundiōrem et lēgēs aequiōrēs dēhinc quaesīvit. That orator, expelled by the most arrogant tyrant, then sought a more agreeable leader and fairer laws. 4. Summum imperium optimīs virīs semper petendum est. The highest power is always to be sought by the best men. 5. Senex nepōtibus trīstibus casam patefēcit et eōs trāns līmen invītāvit. The old man opened his house to his sad grandsons and invited them across the threshold. 6. Ostendit hostēs ultimum signum lūce clārissimā illā nocte dedisse. He showed that enemy had given the last signal on that night with a very bright light. 7. Iste tyrannus pessimus negāvit sē virōs līberōs umquam oppressisse. That very bad tyrant denied that he had ever oppressed the free men. 8. Fidēlissimus servus plūs cēnae ad mēnsam accipiēbat quam trēs peiōrēs. The most loyal slave kept receiving more dinner at the table than the three worse (slaves). 9. Āiunt hunc auctōrem vītam humillimam hīc agere. They say that this author leads a very humble life here. 10. Cūr dī superī oculōs ā rēbus hūmānīs eō tempore āvertērunt? Why did the gods above avert their eyes from human affairs at that time? 11. Habēsne pecūniam et rēs tuās prae rē pūblicā? Do you hold money and your own affairs before the republic? 12. Sōlem post paucās nūbēs gracillimās in caelō hodiē vidēre possumus. We can see the sun behind a few very graceful clouds in the sky today. 13. Some believe that very large cities are worse than very small ones. Quidam credunt urbes maximas peiores esse minimis. 14. In return for the three rather small gifts, the young man gave even more and prettier ones to his very sad mother. Pro tribus donis minoribus adulescens matri tristissimae plura etiam et belliora dedit. 15. Those very large mountains were higher than these. Illi montes maximi quam hi altiores fuerunt.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE 1. Trahit mē nova vīs: videō meliōra probōque, sed peiōra tantum faciō et nesciō cur. (Ovid.) A new force draws me: I see many (rather) good things and I approve, but I do so many (rather) bad things and I do not know why. 2. Quaedam carmina sunt bona; plūra sunt mala. (Martial.) Some poems are good; more are bad. 3. Optimum est. Nihil melius nihil pulchrius hōc vīdī. (Terence.) It is the best. I have seen nothing better, nothing finer than this. 4. Spērō tē et hunc nātālem et plūrimōs aliōs quam fēlīcissimōs āctūrum esse. (Pliny. --nātālis [diēs], 生日) I hope that you will have both this birthday and more other days as happy as possible. 5. Quoniam cōnsilium et ratiō sunt in senibus, maiōrēs nostrī summum concilium appellāvērunt senātum. (Cicero. --concilium -iī council.) Since judgment and reason are within the old people, our ancestors called the senate the highest council. 6. Plūs operae studiīque in rēbus domesticīs nōbīs nunc pōnendum est etiam quam in rēbus mīlitāribus. (Cicero. --opera -ae work, effort. --domesticus -a -um. --mīlitāris -e.) More effort and zeal should be put by us in domestic matters even than in military matters. 7. Neque enim perīculum in rē pūblicā fuit gravius umquam neque ōtium maius. (Cicero.) For neither was the danger ever graver in the republic, nor the laziness greater. 8. Sumus sapientiōrēs illīs, quod nōs nātūram esse optimam ducem scīmus. (Cicero. --optimam, f by attraction to the gender of nātūram.) We are wiser than those men, because we know that nature is the best guide. 9. Nātūra minimum petit; nātūrae autem sē sapiēns accommodat. (*Seneca. --accommodāre to adapt.) Nature asks very little; but a wise man adapts himself to nature. 10. Maximum remedium īrae mora est. (*Seneca.) The greatest remedy for anger is delay. 11. Quī animum vincit et īram continet, eum cum summīs virīs nōn comparō sed eum esse simillimum deō dīcō. (Cicero. --comparāre, to compare.) I do not compare a man who conquers his pride and contains his anger with the greatest men, but I say that he is similar to a god. 12. Dionysius, tyrannus urbis pulcherrimae, erat vir summae in vīctū temperantiae et in omnibus rēbus dīligentissimus et ācerrimus. Īdem tamen erat ferōx ac iniūstus. Quā ex rē, sī vērum dīcimus, vidēbātur miserrimus. (Cicero. --Dionysius, ruler of Syracuse in the 4th cen.B.C. --vīctus -ūs mode of life. --temperantia -ae temperance 节欲. --in-iūstus -a -um unjust. --Quā ex rē =Ex illā rē.) Dionysius, a tyrant of a most beautiful city, was a man of great temperance in his way of life and in all things the most diligent and keenest. Nevertheless, the same man was fierce and unjust. Out of which thing, if we speak the truth, he seemed very wretched. 13. Nisi superōs vertere possum, Acheronta movēbō. (Vigil. --Acheronta, Gk. acc., Acheron, a river in the underworld, here by metonymy the land of the dead.) If I cannot change the gods, I shall stir up Acheron.
ALLEY CAT Caelī, Lesbia nostra, Lesbia illa, illa Lesbia, quam Catullus ūnam plūs quam sē atque suōs amāvit omnēs, nunc in quadriviīs et angiportīs glūbit magnanimī Remī nepōtēs. (*Catullus 58; meter: hendecasyllabic. --Caelius, a rival of Catullus for Lesbia’s favors. --quadrivium -iī crossroads. --angiportum -ī alley. --glūbō -ere to peel (back), strip (off); used of stripping the bark off trees or the skin off an animal, here in an obscene sense. --Remus, brother of Romulus, legendary founders of Rome.) Caelius, our Lesbia, that Lesbia, that Lesbia, which one girl Catullus has loved more than himself and all his own, now in the crossroads and alleyways strips off the grandsons of the noblest Remus.
THANKS A LOT, TULLY! Dīsertissime Rōmulī nepōtum, quot sunt quotque fuēre, Marce Tullī, quotque post aliīs erunt in annīs, grātiās tibi maximās Catullus agit, pessimus omnium poēta, tantō pessimus omnium poēta quantō tū optimus omnium patrōnus. (*Catullus 49; meter: hendecasyllabic. The poet sends thanks to the orator and statesman, Marcus Tullius Cicero; whether or not the tone is ironic is a matter debated by scholars. --dīsertus -a -um, eloquent, learned. --fuēre=fuērunt. --post=posteā. --tanto...quantō, just as much ...as. --tū, sc. es.)
Most learned of Romulus' nephews, how many there are and how many have been, Marcus Tullius, and how many afterwards there will be in other years, most thanks to you gives Catullus, the worst poet of all, just as much as [he is] the worst poet of all so much are [you] the best patron of all.
AN UNCLE'S LOVE FOR HIS NEPHEW AND ADOPTED SON Adulēscēns est cārior mihi quam ego ipse! Atque hic nōn est fīlius meus sed ex frātre meō. Studia frātris iam diū sunt dissimillima meīs. Ego vītam urbānam ēgī et ōtium petīvī et, id quod quīdam fortūnātius putant, uxōrem numquam habui. Ille, autem, haec omnia fēcit: non in forō sed in agrīs vītam ēgit, parvum pecūniae accēpit, uxōrem pudīcam dūxit, duōs fīliōs habuit. Ex illō ego hunc maiōrem adoptāvī mihi, ēdūxī ā parvō puerō, amāvī prō meō. In eō adulēscente est dēlectātiō mea; sōlum id est cārum mihi. (Terence, Adelphoe 39-49. --dūxit, he married. --adoptāre. --ēdūxī, I raised.) The young man is dearer to me than my very self! And he is not my son but from my brother. My brother's pursuits are now long very different to mine. I have led an urban life and sought leisure and, that which some consider rather fortunate, I have never had a wife. But that guy has done these things: he has led a life not in the forum but in the fields, he has received a small amount of money, he has married a chaste wife, he has had two sons. From him I have adopted this older one for myself, I have reared him from a small boy, I have loved him like my own. In this young man is my enjoyment; this alone is dear to me. 随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第二十七课（中）
完全不规则的形容词升级 有些常用的形容词，其升级为不规则，无规律可循，只能靠记忆。所幸英语词汇对此有所继承，可相互参照，方便记忆。
plūs的变格 除plūs之外，其它形容词变格都很规则。在复数时，plūs作形容词（plūrēs amīcī），但变格混合了i-词根和辅音词根变格的规则（复数属格为-ium；但中性主格和宾格为-a而非-ia）；在单数时它不作形容词，而作为一个中性名词，伴随着表全体的属格用法（例如：plūs pecūniae，字面意思为more of money。详见第十五课）。
单词表 dēlectātiō dēlectātiōnis f 愉快，高兴，喜悦，享受 nepōs nepōtis m 孙子，外孙，子孙 sōl sōlis m 太阳 dīligēns gen dīligentis 谨慎的，小心的 dissimilis dissimile 不同的 gracilis gracile 修长的，瘦的 humilis humile 卑微的，低贱的 （比较：humus 见第三十七课） maior maius comp.adj. 更大的，更老的；maiorēs maiōrum m.pl. 祖先 prīmus -a -um 第一的，首先的，最主要的，首要的 quot indecl.adj 多少，像……一样多 similis simile +gen or dat 一样的，相似的，类似的 superus -a -um 在……之上；superī -ōrum m pl. 诸神 ūtilis ūtile 有用的，有利的（来自ūtilitās -tātis；比较ūtor，见第三十四课） pōnō pōnere posuī positum 放置，安放 probō (1) 测试，同意，推荐（比较probitās）
随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第二十七课（上）第二十七课 特殊及不规则的形容词升级（Special and Irregular Comparison of Adjectives）
不规则的最高级 1 六个以-lis结尾的形容词，最高级为-limus, -lima, -limum （仅限于以下六个，其余以-lis结尾的形容词为规则变化，如fidēlissimus, ūtilissimus等。）
2 任何形容词阳性单数以-er结尾，无论属于哪种变格，最高级均在-er后加-rimus（注意！非在词干后加）；比较级则为规则形式，加-ior -ius（某些词的比较级会保留-e-，有些则不保留）。
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