PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Iam vērō cognōvimus istās mentēs dūrās ferrum prō pāce offere.

Now we certainly know that those harsh minds offer the sword in exchange for peace.

2. Nē nātae geminae discant verba tam acerba et tam dūra.

Let the twin daughters not learn words so harsh and so unfeeling.

3. Cum hī decem virī ex moenibus semel discessissent, alia occāsiō pācis numquam oblāta est.

When these ten men had left the city-walls once and for all, another opportunity for peace was never offered.

4. Tantum auxilium nōbīs referet ut nē āccerimī quidem mīlitēs aut pugnāre aut hīc remanēre possint.

He will bring back so much help to us that not even the most eager soldiers can fight or stay here.

5. Rogābat cūr cēterae tantam fidem apud nōs praestārent et nōbīs tantam spem adferrent.

He asked why the rest of the women showed so much hope in our presence and they brought such great hope to us.

6. Cum patria nostra tanta beneficia offerat, tamen quīdam sē in īnsidiās fūrtim cōnferunt et contrā bonōs mox pugnābunt.

Though our fatherland offers such great kindnesses, nevertheless some secretly betake themselves into treachery and will soon fight against good men.

7. Dēnique audiāmus quantae sint hae īnsidiae ac quot coniūrātī contrā cīvitātem surgant.

Let us hear at last how much treachery there is and how many conspirators rise against the state.

8. Haec scelera repente exposuī nē alia et similia ferrētis.

I exposed these crimes suddenly so that you would not suffer other and similar ones.

9. Respondērunt plūrima arma ā mīlitibus ad itus allāta esse et in nāvibus condita esse.

They answered that the (very) many weapons were carried to the shore by soldiers and put onto ships.

10. Cum parentēs essent vīvī, fēlīcēs erant; mortuī quoque sunt beātī.

When their parents were alive, they were happy; dead, they are also blessed.

11. Nesciō utrum trēs coniūrātī maneant an in exsilium contenderint.

I do not know whether the three conspirators remain or rushed into exile.

12. Nōs cōnferāmus ad cēnam, meī amīcī, bibāmus multum vīnī, cōnsūmāmus noctem, atque omnēs cūrās nostrās minuāmus!

Let us go to dinner, my friends, drink much wine, spend the night, and diminish our concerns.

13. When the soldiers had been arrested, they soon offered us money.

Cum comprehensi essent milites mox nobis obtulerunt pecuniam.

14. Although life brings very difficult things, let us endure them all and delicate ourselves to philosophy.

Cum vita ferat difficillima ea omnia feramus nosque ipsos dedicemus philosophiae.

15. Since you know what help is being brought by our six friends, these evils can be endured with courage.

Cum scias quod feratur auxilium a sex amicis nostris, haec scelera cum animis possunt ferri.

16. Although his eyes could not see the light of the sun, nevertheless that humble man used to do very many and very difficult things.

Cum non videre oculi eius solis lucem possent, tamen ille humilis plurima atque difficillima faciebat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Potestne haec lūx esse tibi iūcunda, cum sciās hōs omnēs cōnsilia tua cognōvisse? (Cicero.)

Can this light be pleasant to you, though you know that all these men are familiar with your plans?

2. Themistoclēs, cum Graeciam servitūte Persicā līberāvisset et propter invidiam in exsilium expulsus esset, ingrātae patriae iniūriam nōn tulit quam ferre dēbuit. (Cicero. --Persicus -a -um. --ingrātus -a -um ungrateful. --iniūria -ae, injury.)

Themistocles, though he had freed Greece from Persian slavery and because of jealousy had been driven into exile, did not bear the injury to his ungrateful fatherland that he should have borne.

3. Quae cum ita sint, Catilīna, cōnfer tē in exsilium. (Cicero. --quae cum= et cum haec.)

Since these things are so, Catiline, betake yourself into exile.

4. Ō nāvis, novī flūctūs bellī tē in mare referent! Ō quid agis? Unde erit ūllum perfugium? (Horace. --nāvis, ship [of state]. --flūctus -ūs, wave, billow.)

O ship of state, the new waves of war will carry you back into the sea! O what are you doing? Whence will there be any shelter?

5. Cum rēs pūblica immortālis esse dēbeat, doleō eam salūtis egēre ac in vītā ūnīus mortālis cōnsistere. (Cicero. --cōnsistō -ere + in, to depend on.)

Though the republic should be imperishable, I grieve that she lacks health and depends on one mortal’s life.

6. Cum illum hominem esse servum nōvisset, eum comprehendere nōn dubitāvit. (Cicero.)

When he knew that man was a slave, he did not hesitate to arrest him.

7. Ille comprehēnsus, cum prīmō impudenter respondēre coepisset, dēnique tamen nihil negāvit. (Cicero. --impudenter, adv.)

That arrested man, though at first he began to respond impudently, denied nothing at last, however.

8. Milō dīcitur per stadium vēnisse cum bovem umerīs ferret. (Cicero. --Milō -lōnis, m., a famous Greek athlete. --statium -iī. --bōs, bovis, m./f., ox. --umerus -ī, shoulder.)

Milo is said to have come through the stadium when he carried an ox on his shoulders.

9. Quid vesper et somnus ferant, incertum est. (Livy.)

What evening and sleep bring, it is uncertain.

10. Ferte miserō tantum auxilium quantum potestis. (Terence.)

Bring as much help to that poor man as you can.

11. Hoc ūnum sciō: quod fāta ferunt, id ferēmus aequō animō. (Terence.)

I know this one thing: what the Fates bring, we shall bear it with a calm spirit.

12. Lēgum dēnique idcircō omnēs servī sumus, ut līberī esse possīmus. (*Cicero. --idcircō, adv., for this reason.)

Finally, for this reason we are all slaves of the laws, that we may be free.

GIVE ME A THOUSAND KISSES!

Let us live, my Lesbia, and let us love,

and let us value the gossip of rather harsh

old men at one as!

Suns can set and return;

for us, when the brief light sets once,

it is one eternal night to be slept.

Give me a thousand kisses, then a hundred;

then a thousand others, then a second hundred;

then all the way to another thousand, then a hundred.

Then, when we have made many thousands –

we shall confuse those, so that we may not know,

or so that whatever bad person may not be able to cast an evil eye,

when he knows there are so many kisses.

RINGO

Sēnōs Charīnus omnibus digitīs gerit

  nec nocte pōnit ānulōs

nec cum lavātur. Causa quae sit quaeritis?

  Dactyliothēcam nōn habet!

sēnī -ae -a six each, six apiece, here with ānulōs, rings

gerō gerere gessi gestus bear, carry, wear

pōnit=dēpōnit put away

lavāre to bathe

Causa...quaeritis=quaeritisne quae sit causa

dactyliothēca -ae a ring box, jewelry chest

(*Martial 11.59; meter: iambic trimeter and dimeter. --Charinus, an ostentatious chap who liked to show off his rings.)

Charinus wears six rings on all his fingers

neither does he put them aside at night

nor when he was bathing. You ask what the reason is?

He does not have a jewelry box!

FACĒTIAE (WITTICISMS)

Cum Cicerō apud Damasippum cēnāret et ille, mediocrī vīnō in mēnsā positō, dīceret, “Bibe hoc Falernum; hoc est vīnum quadrāgintā annōrum,” Cicero respondit, “Bene aetātem fert!”

Falernum -ī Falernian wine, actually a very famous wine, not a “mediocre” one

quadrāgintā indecl., 40

(Macrobius, Sāturnālia 2.3.)

When Cicero dined at the house of Damasippus and that man, after the mediocre wine was put on the table, said, "Drink this Falernian wine; this is wine of forty years (i.e. forty years aged)," Cicero replied, "It carries its age well!"

Augustus, cum quīdam rīdiculus eī libellum trepidē adferret, et modo prōferret manum et modo retraheret, “Putās,” inquit, “tē assem elephantō dare?”

trepidē adv in confusion

modo...modo... now...now...

re-trahō

elephantō

(Macrobius, Sāturnālia 2.4.)

Augustus, when a certain silly man brought him a book in confusion, and first offered it forth and then retracted his hand, said, "You think you are giving an as to an elephant?"

第三十一课 Cum 从句；动词Ferō (Cum Clauses; Ferō)

Cum 从句

cum作为介词的用法我们已经熟悉，同时cum也可作连词，意为“当……时when, 自从since，虽然although”引导关系从句。

有些时候cum引导的从句动词为直陈式，尤其是当描述动作行为的具体时间时。这种从句被称为“cum temporal clauses”。cum在引导时间从句时翻译为当……时（when）或正当……时（while）；tum有时候会出现在主句中，cum...tum在一起则翻译为not only...but also不仅……而且：

cum eum vidēbis, eum cognōscēs.

When you (will) see him, you will recognize him.

cum vincimus, tum pācem spērās.

When/while we are winning, you are (at the same time) hoping for peace.

Cum ad illum locum vēnerant, tum amīcōs contulerant.

When they had come to that place, they had brought their friends.

OR: Not only had they come to that place, but they had also brought their friends.

更常见的是cum从句的虚拟语气，尤其当它描述主句动作行为发生的大致环境（而非确切时间）（被称为“cum circumstantial clause”），或解释主句动作行为的原因（被称为“cum causal”），或者描述可能会阻碍主句动作行为的事件（“cum adversative”）：

cum hoc fēcisset, ad tē fūgit. (circumstantial)

cum hoc scīret, potuit eōs iuvāre. (causal)

cum hoc scīret, tamen mīlitēs mīsit. (adversative)

cum Gāium dīligerēmus, nōn poterāmus eum iuvāre. (adversative)

注意：当cum后紧跟着一个名词或代词的夺格（abl）时，cum应翻译为以及with。

不规则动词ferō, ferre, tulī lātum忍受，携带

单词表：

as assis m 分币an as (a small copper coin, roughly equivalent to a penny; ace)

auxilium -iī n 帮助aid, help (比较augeō to increase, augment)

digitus -ī m 手指，脚趾finger, toe

elephantus -ī m/f 大象elephant

exsilium -iī n 逃亡，驱逐exile, banishment

invidia -ae f 羡慕，嫉妒，憎恨envy, jealousy, hatred（比较：invideō 在下面below）

rūmor rūmōris m 谣言，传言rumor, gossip

vīnum -ī n 葡萄酒wine

mediocris mediocre 普通的，中等的，适度的ordinary, moderate, mediocre（比较：medius）

cum conj+subj 当……时，自从……，虽然……when, since, although；conj+indic. 当……时when

apud prep+acc 在……中间，在……在场时，在……家 among, in the presence of, at the house of

semel adv 一次，坚决地，断然地，同时地a single time, once, once and for all, simultaneously

usque adv 直到，甚至到，持续地，一直all the way, up (to), even (to), continuously, always

doleō dolēre doluī dolitūrum 悲伤，忍受痛苦，受伤，导致痛苦to grieve, suffer, hurt, give pain

dormiō dormīre dormīvī dormītum 睡觉to sleep

ferō ferre tulī lātum 忍受，携带，带来；忍受痛苦，承受，忍耐；说，报道to bear, carry, bring; suffer, endure, tolerate; say, report

adferō adferre attulī allātum 带来to bring to

cōnferō cōnferre contulī collātum 带到一起，比较；授予，给予to bring together, compare; confer, bestow; sē cōnferre 去，离开，赴betake oneself, go

offerō offerre obtulī oblātum 提供to offer

referō referre rettulī relātum 带回；重复，回答，报道to carry back, bring back; repeat, answer, report

invideō -vidēre -vīdī -vīsum 妒忌，羡慕to be envious; +dat, 羡慕地看着，羡慕，妒忌to look at with envy, envy, be jealous of

occidō -cidere -cidī -cāsum 倒下；死；放to fall down; die; set（比较：cadō, occāsiō）

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Rogāvit ubi illae duae discipulae dignae haec didicissent.

He asked where those two worthy students had learned these things.

2. Vidēbit quanta fuerit vīs illōrum verbōrum fēlīcium.

He will see how much force there has been of those happy words.

3. Hās īnsidiās repente exposuit nē rēs pūblica opprimerētur.

He suddenly exposed this treachery so the republic would not be suppressed.

4. Hī taceant et trēs cēterī expellantur nē occāsiōnem similem habeant.

Let these men be silent and the three others be driven out lest they have a similar opportunity.

5. Ita dūrus erat ut beneficia uxōris comprehendere nōn posset.

So unfeeling was he that he could not understand his wife’s kindnesses.

6. Cēterī quidem nesciēbant quam ācris esset mēns nātae eōrum.

The rest of them indeed did not know how keen their daughter’s mind was.

7. Dēnique prīceps cognōscet cūr potentior pars mīlitum nōs vītet.

Finally the leader will learn why the braver portion of the soldiers avoids us.

8. Iam cognōvī cūr clāra facta vērō nōn sint facillima.

Now I know why illustrious deeds are truly not the easiest.

9. Quīdam auctōrēs appellābant arma optimum remedium malōrum.

Certain authors were calling weapons the best remedy for evils.

10. Mortuīs haec arma mox dēdicēmus nē honōre egeant.

Let us dedicate these weapons to the dead lest they lack honor.

11. Fātō duce, Rōmulus Remusque Rōmam condidērunt; et, Remō necātō, moenia urbis novae cito surrēxērunt.

With Fate as a guide, Romulus and Remus founded Rome; and, after Remus was killed, the walls of the new city rose quickly.

12. Tell me in what lands liberty is found.

Dic mihi in quibus terris libertas inveniatur.

13. We did not know where the sword had finally been put.

Nescivimus nos ubi ferrum denique positum esset.

14. He does not understand the first words of the little book which they wrote about the constellations.

Ille verba prima libelli non comprehendit quem de sideribus scripserunt.

15. They asked why you could not learn what the rest had done.

Rogabant quare non posses quod ceteri fecissent discere.

16. Let all men now seek better things than money or supreme power so that their souls may be happier.

Omnes quaerant meliora quam pecuniam aut imperium ut feliciores sint spiritus sui.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Nunc vidētis quantum scelus contrā rem pūblicam et lēgēs nostrās vōbīs prōnūntiātum sit. (Cicero.)

Now you see how much crime against the republic and our laws has been proclaimed against you.

2. Quam dulcis sit lībertās vōbīs prōtinus dīcam. (Phaedrus.)

Let me immediately say how sweet liberty is to you.

3. Rogābat dēnique cūr umquam ex urbe cessissent. (Horace.)

He asked why they ever left the city.

4. Nunc sciō quid sit amor. (*Virgil.)

Now I know what love is.

5. Videāmus uter hīc in mediō forō plūs scrībere possit. (Horace.)

Let us see which man could write more here, in the middle of the forum.

6. Multī dubitābant quid optimum esset. (*Cicero.)

Many were doubting what was best.

7. Incipiam expōnere unde nātūra omnēs rēs creet alatque. (Lucretius.)

creo creare creavi creatus

alo alere alui altus

Let me begin to explain whence nature creates and sustains all things.

8. Dulce est vidēre quibus malīs ipse careās. (Lucretius.)

careo carere carui caritus

It is pleasant to see which evils you yourself are free from.

9. Auctōrem Trōiānī bellī relēgī, quī dīcit quid sit pulchrum, quid turpe, quid ūtile, quid nōn. (Horace. --Trōiānus -a -um Trojan.)

relego relegere relegi relectus

I have reread the historian of the Trojan war, who says what is fine, what is shameful/ugly, what is useful, what is not.

10. Doctōs rogābis quā ratiōne bene agere cursum vītae possīs, utrum virtūtem doctrīna paret an nātūra ingeniumque dent, quid minuat cūrās, quid tē amīcum tibi faciat. (Horace. --doctrīna -ae teaching.)

paro parare paravi paratus

minuo minuere minui minutus

You will ask the learned by what reason you can lead the course of life well, whether teaching provides virtue or nature and talent give it, what can lessen care, what can make you a friend to yourself.

11. Istī autem rogant tantum quid habeās, nōn cūr et unde. (Seneca.)

Those men, however, ask how much you have, not why and whence.

12. Errat, quī fīnem vēsānī quaerit amōris: vērus amor nūllum nōvit habēre modum. (*Propertius. --vēsānus -a -um, insane.)

nosco noscere novi notus

modus -ī limit

He who searches for the limit of insane love errs: true love knows that no one has measure.

13. Sed tempus est iam mē discēdere ut cicūtam bibam, et vōs discēdere ut vītam agātis. Utrum autem sit melius, dī immortālēs sciunt; hominem quidem nēminem scīre crēdō. (Cicero. --Socrates’ parting words to the jury which had condemned him to death. --cicūta -ae, hemlock. --nēmō homō, no human being. )

But now it is time that I leave to drink the hemlock, and that you leave to live your life. But which is better, the immortal gods know; I certainly believe that no human being knows.

EVIDENCE AND CONFESSION

Sit dēnique scrīptum in fronte ūnīus cuiusque quid dē rē pūblicā sentiat; nam rem pūblicam labōribus cōnsiliīsque meīs ex igne atque ferrō ēreptam esse vidētis.

frōns frontis f forehead

(Cicero, excerpts from the first and third Catilinarian orations.)

Let it finally be written in the forehead of each one what he feels about the republic; for you see that by my efforts and plans that the republic is rescued from the fire and the sword.

Haec iam expōnam breviter ut scīre possītis quā ratiōne comprehēnsa sint.

Now I shall explain these things shortly so that you may know by what reason they have been understood.

Semper prōvīdī quō modō in tantīs īnsidiīs salvī esse possēmus.

prō-videō to fore-see, give attention to.

I have always given attention to the way by which we can be safe in such great treachery.

Omnēs diēs cōnsūmpsī ut vidērem quid coniūrātī āctūrī essent.

I consumed all my days to see what the conspirators were about to do.

Dēnique litterās intercipere potuī quae ad Catilīnam ā Lentulō aliīsque coniūrātīs missae erant.

intercipiō -ere -cēpī -ceptum

At last, I was able to intercept a letter which had been sent to Catiline from Lentulus and the other conspirators.

Tum, coniūrātīs comprehēnsīs et senātū convocātō, contendī in senātum, ostendī litterās Lentulō, quaesīvī cognōsceretne signum.

Then, with the conspirators arrested and the senate called together, I hastened into the senate, I showed the letter to Lentulus, I asked whether he recognized the seal.

Dīxit sē cognōscere; sed prīmō dubitāvit et negāvit sē dē hīs rēbus respōnsūrum esse.

He said that he recognized it; but at first he hesitated and said that he would not respond about these matters.

Mox autem ostendit quanta esset vīs cōnscientiae; nam repente mollītus est atque omnem rem narrāvit.

quantus -a -um adj how great; how much/many; of what size /amount /degree /number /worth /price

cōnscientia -ae conscience

repente suddenly

Soon however, he showed how great the power of conscience was; for suddenly he was softened and told the entire affair.

Tum cēterī coniūrātī sīc fūrtim inter sē aspiciēbant ut nōn ab aliīs indicārī sed indicāre sē ipsī vidērentur.

fūrtim adv stealthily, secretly, imperceptibly

inter sē aspiciō -ere to glance at each other

indicāre to accuse

Then the rest of the conspirators were glancing at each other so secretly that they seemed not by others to be accused, but to accuse their very selves.

A COVERED DISH DINNER!

Mēnsās, Ōle, bonās pōnis, sed pōnis opertās.

  Rīdiculum est: possum sīc ego habēre bonās.

Olus, you serve good dishes, but you serve them covered.

It is ridiculous: even a poor fellow like me can have good dishes.

(*Martial 10.54; meter: elegiac couplet. --Olus, another of Martial’s “friends.” --opertus -a -um concealed, covered. --ego, i.e., even a poor fellow like me)

A LEGACY-HUNTER'S WISH

Nīl mihi dās vīvus; dīcis post fāta datūrum:

  sī nōn es stultus, scīs, Maro, quid cupiam!

nīl=nihil

fāta, poetic pl. for sg.=mortem

datūrum= tē datūrum esse

Maro, another of Martial’s fictitious[?] addressees.

You give me nothing while alive; you say [you] will give after death:

if you are not a fool, Marus, you know what I desire!

NOTE ON A COPY OF CATULLUS' CARMINA

Tantum magna suō dēbet Vērōna Catullō

  quantum parva suō Mantua Vergiliō.

Great Verona owes as much to its Catullus

as small Mantua owes to its Vergil.

(*Martial 14.195; meter: elegiac couplet. Verona and Mantua were the birthplaces of Catullus and Virgil respectively.)

第三十课 完成时和过去完成时的虚拟语气；间接问句；时态的次序 Chapter 30 Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive; Indirect Questions; Sequence of Tenses

完成时系统的虚拟语气，如同完成时系统的直陈式一样，都遵循统一的规则，而无视动词所属的变位。

完成时虚拟主动：-erī-加完成时词尾（在-m, -t, -nt前-ī-变为短音-i-）；

过去完成时虚拟主动：-issē-加完成时词尾（在-m, -t, -nt前-ē-变为-e-）；

完成时/过去完成时的虚拟被动：用动词sim和essem来更换sum和eram即可。

完成时虚拟主动：（与将来完成时直陈非常类似）

laudāverim

laudāverīs

laudāverit

laudāverīmus

laudāverītis

laudāverint

过去完成时虚拟主动：（类似完成时不定式laudāvisse加上词尾）

laudāvissem

laudāvissēs

laudāvisset

laudāvissēmus

laudāvissētis

laudāvissent

完成时虚拟被动：

laudātus -a -um sim/sīs/sit

laudātī -ae -a sīmus/sītis/sint

过去完成时虚拟被动：

laudātus -a -um essem/essēs/esset

laudātī -ae -a essēmus/essētis/essent

间接问句：

用虚拟动词，由疑问词quis/quid, quī/quae/quod, quam, quandō, cūr, ubi, unde, unter, utrum...an（whether...or）, -ne等引进；主句中动词往往是有言语、思想活动或者感觉感知行为的含义（包括很多可接间接引语的主句动词，见第二十五课列表）。

从句动词用虚拟语气，翻译成直陈语气。

Quid Gāius facit?

Quid Gāius fēcit?

Quid Gāius faciet?

Rogant quid Gāius faciat.

Rogant quid Gaius fēcerit.

Rogant quid Gaius factūrus sit.

factūrus sit: 这种用法有时被称为“future active periphrastic”（直译过来就是“将来时主动的迂回表达”，periphrastic指非直接使用动词本身屈折变化而使用其他辅助手段表达的语法意义）；在没有直接的将来时虚拟语气的情况下，采用sum+将来时主动分词（比较：passive periphrastic采用sum+被动将来时分词）来表达将来时，在某些句型中（间接问句即为一种）采用这种结构，以免引起歧义。在上文最后一例中，若主句为过去时，全句则为：rogāvērunt quid Gaius factūrus esset.

时态的次序

学过英文的时态在从句中的规律之后，看拉丁文的时态规律就很简单了。基本规则是：现在时态系统的主句必须跟随现代时态系统的从句；历史时态系统的主句必须跟随历史时态系统的从句。

当下（primary）系统：

主句：现在时或将来时

从句：现在时（表动作在主句同时或之后）或完成时（动作在主句之前）

历时（historical）系统：

主句：过去的时态（包括未完成时和完成时）

从句：未完成时（动作在主句同时或之后）或过去完成时（动作在主句之前）

以上规则适用于目的从句，结果从句，间接问句，接下来要学的几章内容也有类似规律。

分析下列例句中的时态次序：

Id facit (faciet) ut mē iuvet.

Id fēcit (faciēbat) ut mē iuvāret.

Tam dūrus est ut eum vītem.

Tam dūrus fuit (erat) ut eum vītārem.

Rogant (rogābunt) quid faciat/quid fēcerit/quid factūrus sit.

Rogāvērunt (rogābant) quid faceret/quid fēcisset/quid factūrus esset.

单词表

honor honōris m 荣誉，名誉；官职 honor, esteem; public office

ceterī -ae -a pl 剩余的，剩下的，其他的，剩下其他的 the remaining, the rest, the other, all the others

quantus -a -um 如此大，如此伟大，如此多 how large, how great, how much; tantus...quantus 如此大/多……以至于 just as much(many) ... as

rīdiculus -a -um 可笑的，好笑的

vivus -a -um 活着的，生活着的

fūrtim adv 秘密地

mox adv 马上，很快地 soon

prīmō adv 开始，起初（比较：prīmus -a -um）

repente adv 突然suddenly

unde adv 从……哪里/谁/何时 whence, from what or which place, from which, from whom

utrum ...an conj 是……还是whether...or

bibō bibere bibī 喝 to drink

cognōscō -nōscere -nōvī -nitum 结识，学到，认出；（在完成时：）知道to become acquainted with, learn, recognize; in perfect tenses, know （比较：nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum, recognōscō）

comprehendō -hendere -hendī -hēnsum 抓住，逮捕；领会，理解 to grasp, seize, arrest; comprehend, understand

cōnsūmō -sūmere -sūmpsī -sūmptum 消费，用光to consume, use up （比较：sūmō to take）

dubitō (1) 怀疑，犹豫 to doubt, hesitate

expōnō -pōnere -posuī -positum 解释，暴露 to set forth, explain, expose

minuō minuere minuī minūtum减缓，减弱 to lessen, diminish （比较：minor, minus, minimus）

rogō (1) 问 to ask