随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin

需要书的学友请至http://www.magic-e.org/latin/textbook.htm 下载。

第十六课 第三变格形容词（Third Declension Adjectives）

拉丁文的形容词分两类：

第一二变格为一类，已经学过，包括已经介绍过的-īus(gen.sg), -ī(dat.sg)小类。

第三变格为另一类。按照第三变格的i词干形式变（即gen.pl是-ius，中性acc.pl是-ia），除此之外还有一个地方区别于普通的第三变格：abl.sg不是-e而是-ī

（注释里提到在奥古斯丁时代，i词干名词和形容词的acc.pl也可以是-īs）

这一类按照主格单数的阴阳中性形式是否有重合，分成三种：

1, 三种词尾adj. of 3 endings。比如：

ācer m

ācris f

ācre n

2, 两种词尾adj. of 2 endings

fortis m&f

forte n

2 ending 形容词通常只给出两个形式，前者代表阴阳性，后者代表中性。

1, 一种词尾adj. of 1 ending

pōtens m,f,n

1 ending的形容词通常会在词表中给出属格单数，像名词一样，但会注明（gen）。

具体变格请参考P105

还是那句话：名词和修饰它的形容词必须性数格一致，但考虑到不同种类的变格，它们不一定词尾形式相同。如：

omnis amīcus

omnis rēgīna

ācer amīcus

ācris rēgīna

ācer animal

用法中注意提到作定语时，形容词一般放在所修饰的名词后面，除了以下情况：

形容词表大小或体积，表指示，或表强调。

单词表：

aetās aetātis f 年代，生活中的一段，生活，时代

audītor audītoris m 聆听者，听众中的成员

clēmentia -ae f温和，宽恕

mēns mentis f 头脑，思想，意图

satura -ae f 讽刺（文学）

ācer ācris ācre 尖刻的，热切的，急切的；严重的，猛烈的

brēvis breve 简短的，短小的

celer celeries celere 迅速的

difficilis difficile 困难的，麻烦的

dulcis dulce 甜蜜的；愉快的，惬意的

facilis facile 简单的，舒服的

fortis forte 强壮的，勇敢的

ingēns gen. ingentis 巨大的

iūcundus -a -um 让人愉快的

longus -a -um 长的

omnis omne 所有的，每个

potēns gen. potentis （possum的现在时分词作为形容词）可能，强大的，有力的，强壮的

senex gen. senis 形容词和名词，老年的；老年人

quam adv 怎么

regō regere rēxī rēctum 统治，指导

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Fortēs virī et fēminae ante aetātem nostram vīvēbant.

Brave men and women lived before our time.

2. Eōs centum senēs miserōs ab Italiā trāns maria difficilia herī mittēbat.

He sent those one hundred miserable old men away from Italy, across the troublesome seas yesterday.

3. illī duo virī omnēs cupiditātēs ex sē ēiēcērunt, nam nātūram corporis timuērunt.

Those two men threw out all desire from within themselves, for they feared the nature of the body.

4. Potēns rēgīna, quoniam sē dīlēxit, istōs trēs vītāvit et sē cum eīs numquam iūnxit.

The powerful queen, since she loved herself, shunned those three men and never joined (herself) with them.

5. Itaque inter eōs ibi stābam et signum cum animō fortī diū exspectābam.

And so I stood among them there and, with a brave spirit, long waited for a sign.

6. Celer rūmor per ōra aurēsque omnium sine morā currēbat.

The quick rumor ran by the mouths and ears of all without delay.

7. Vīs bellī acerbī autem vītam eius paucīs hōrīs mūtāvit.

The fore of a fierce war, however, changed his life in a few hours.

8. Quīnque ex nautīs sē ex aquā trāxērunt sēque Caesarī potentī commīsērunt.

Five of the sailors pulled themselves out of the water and entrusted themselves to mighty Caesar.

9. Caesar nōn poterat suās cōpiās cum celeribus cōpiīs rēgis iungere.

Caesar could not join his own troops with the swift troops of the king.

10. Themistoclēs omnēs cīvēs ōlim appellābat et nōmina eōrum ācrī memoriā tenēbat.

Themistocles then named all of the citizens and kept their names by keen memory.

11. In caelō sunt multae nūbēs et animālia agricolae tempestāte malā nōn valent.

In the sky, there are many clouds and the farmer’s animals are not well on account of the bad storm.

12. The father and mother often used to come to the city with their two sweet daughters.

Pater materque saepe ad urbem cum duabus filiabus dulcibus veniebant.

13. The souls of brave men and women will never fear difficult times.

Animi virorum feminarumque fortium tempora difficilia numquam timebunt.

14. Does he now understand all the rights of these four men?

Intellegitne omnia iura nunc horum quattuor virorum?

15. The doctor could not help the brave girl, for death was swift.

Non poterat medicus puellam fortem adiuvare, nam mors erat celeris.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Quam dulcis est lībertās! (Phaedrus.)

How sweet liberty is!

2. Labor omnia vīcit. (*Virgil.)

Work conquered all things.

3. Fortūna fortēs adiuvat. (Terence.)

Fortune helps the strong.

4. Quam celeries et ācris est mēns! (Cicero.)

How swift and sharp the mind is!

5. Polyphēmus erat mōnstrum horrendum, īnfōrme, ingēns. (Virgil. -- mōnstrum -ī 怪物。--horrendus -a -um 可怕的。--īnfōrmis -e 无定形的，骇人听闻的。)

Polyphemus was a horrendous, hideous, huge monster.

6. Varium et mūtābile semper fēmina. (*Virgil. --Order: fēmina semper [est] varium et mūtābile. --varius -a -um 改变的，变化无常的。--mūtābilis -e 可改变的；varium和mūtābile的中性形式表示“一可变的和无常之物”)

Woman is always a fickle and changeable thing.

7. Facile est epigrammata belle scrībere, sed librum scrībere difficile est. (*Martial. --epigramma -matis n 短诗。--belle 是bellus -a -um的副词。)

It is easy to write epigrams neatly, but to write a book is difficult.

8. īra furor brevis est; animum rege. (*Horace. --furor -rōris 疯狂。)

Anger is a brief madness; manage your spirit.

9. Ars poētica est nōn omnia dīcere. (*Servius. --poēticus -a -um诗歌的，诗意的。)

The poetic art is to not say everything.

10. Nihil est ab omnī parte beātum. (*Horace.)

Nothing is happy from every part.

11. Liber meus hominēs prūdentī cōnsiliō alit. (Phaedrus. --prūdēns, gen prūdentis谨慎的。)

My book nourishes human beings with prudent advice.

12. Māter omnium bonārum atrium sapientia est. (*Cicero.)

The mother of all good arts is wisdom.

13. Clēmentia rēgem salvum facit; nam amor omnium cīvium est inexpugnābile mūnīmentum rēgis. (Seneca. --inexpugnābilis -e 无法攻破的。--mūlīmentum -ī 防御工事)

Mercy makes the king safe; for the love of all citizens is a king’s impregnable defense.

14. Vīta est brevis; ars, longa. (Hippocrates, quoted by Seneca.)

Life is short; art, long.

15. Breve tempus aetātis autem satis longum est ad bene vīvendum. (Cicero. --vīvendum 生活。作ad的宾语，动名词。)

The brief period of life, however, is long enough to live well.

16. Vīvit et vīvet per omnium saeculōrum memoriam. (*Velleius Paterculus --saeculum -ī 世纪，年代。)

He lives and will live through the memory of all the ages.

JUVENAL EXPLAINS HIS IMPULSE TO SATIRE

Semper ego audītor erō? Est turba poētārum in hāc urbe -- ego igitur erō poēta! Sunt mīlia vitiōrum in urbe -- dē istīs vitiīs scrībam! Difficile est saturam nōn scrībere. Sī nātūra mē adiuvāre nōn potest, facit indignātiō versum. In librō meō erunt omnia facta hominum -- timor, īra, voluptās, culpa, cupiditās, īnsidiae. Nunc est plēna cōpia vitiōrum in hāc miserā urbe Rōmae!

(Juvenal, Saturae 1.1ff; prose adaptation from the opening of Juvenal’s programmatic first satire. --indignātiō -ōnis 愤慨。--versus 诗歌。)

Will I always be a listener? There is a crowd of poets in this city – therefore I shall be a poet! There are millions of vices in the city – I shall write about those vices! It is difficult not to write a satire. If nature cannot help me, indignation creates a verse. In my book will be all men's deeds – fear, anger, pleasure, fault, desire, treachery. Now there is a full abundance of vices in this wretched city of Rome!

ON A TEMPERAMENTAL FRIEND

Difficilis facilis, iūcundus acerbus-- es īdem:

nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē.

(*Martial, 12, 46; meter: elegiac couplet.)

Difficult easy, pleasant bitter – you are the same:

neither with you can I live, nor without you.