第三十三课 条件句 Chapter 33 Conditional Sentences

条件句构成的基本要素：1，条件从句，由sī或nisi引导，表达假设的行为或情况。2，结论主句，表达假设成为现实后所预期的结果。

条件句一共有六种，三种用动词直陈式，三种用动词的虚拟式。区别类似于英语——若假设的情况很有可能成为现实，则用直陈式，若假设的情况不太可能成为现实，或完全与现实相反，则主句和从句均采用虚拟式。

直陈式条件句：

1 现在的简单事实：Sī id facit, prūdēns est. 如果他正做此事（他很有可能正在做），那他很明智。If he is doing this [and it is quite possible that he is], he is wise. 拉丁文采用直陈现在时，英译采用直陈现在时。

2 过去的简单事实：Sī id fēcit, prūdēns fuit. If he did this [and quite possibly he did], he was wise. 拉丁文采用直陈过去的时态（完成时或未完成时）英译采用过去时。

3 将来的简单事实（或称将来的明显事实）：Sī id faciet, prūdēns erit. If he does (will do) this [and quite possibly he will], he will be wise. 拉丁文采用直陈将来时，英译从句用现在时表将来，主句用将来时。（偶见主句或从句或两者均用将来完成时，意思基本与将来时相同。）

虚拟条件句：

1 与现在事实相反：sī id faceret, prūdēns esset. If he were doiong this [but in fact he is not], he would be wise [but he is not]. 拉丁文主从句均采用未完成时虚拟；英译采用were (...ing) 和would (be)。

2 与过去事实相反：sī id fēcisset, prūdēns fuisset. If he had done this [but he did not], he would have been wise [but he was not]. 拉丁文主从句均采用过去完成时虚拟；英译采用had和would have。

3 不明显的将来：sī id faciat, prūdēns sit. If he should do this [and he may, or he may not], he would be wise. 拉丁文主从句均采用现在时虚拟；英译采用should和would。

更多例子：

1 Sī hoc dīcet, errābit.

2 Sī hoc dīcit, errat.

3 Sī hoc dīxisset, errāvisset.

4 Sī hoc dīcat, erret.

5 Sī hoc dīxit, errāvit.

6 Sī hoc dīceret, errāret.

7 Sī vēnit, hoc videat.

8 Sī vēnit, hoc vīdit.

9 Sī veniet, hoc vidēbit.

10 Sī vēnisset, hoc vīdisset.

以上翻译请见书229-230页。

单词表：

initium -iī n 开始，开端

ops opis f 帮助；opēs opum pl 力量，资源，财富

philosophus -ī m 以及 philosopha -ae f 哲学家

plēbs plēbis f 普通民众

sāl salis m 盐

speculum -ī n 镜子

quis quid 在 sī, nisi, nē, num后，indef.pron，任何人，任何事，某人，某些人，某事，某些事

candidus -a -um 明亮的，闪烁的，白色的；美丽的

merus -a -um 纯洁的，未受污染的

suāvis suāve 甜蜜的

-ve conj 后缀 =在词前加aut，或者

heu interj 噢！哎唷！

subitō adv 突然

trādō -dere -didī -ditum (trāns +dō) 停止，放弃，投降，下传，传送，教授

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Prīmō illī trēs rīdiculī nē mediocria quidem perīcula fortiter ferre poterant et ūllum auxilium offerre nōlēbant.

At first, those three ridiculous men could not even bear moderate risk bravely and were not willing to offer any aid.

2. Maximē rogāvimus quantum auxilium septem fēminae adferrent et utrum dubitārent an nōs mox adiūtūrae essent.

We especially asked how much help the seven women were bringing and whether they were hesitating or soon helping us.

3. Dēnique armīs collātīs, imperātor prōmīsit decem mīlia mīlitum celerrimē discessūra esse, dummodo satis cōpiārum reciperent.

At last, with the weapons brought together, the emperor promised that ten thousand soldiers would leave very quickly, so long as they received enough supplies.

4. Paria beneficia, igitur, in omnēs dignōs cōnferre māvultis.

You therefore prefer to bestow equal kindnesses unto all worthy men.

5. Haec mala melius expōnant nē dīvitiās minuant aut honōrēs suōs āmittant.

Let them better explain these bad things lest they lessen their wealth or lose their public offices.

6. At volumus cognōscere cūr sīc invīderit et cūr verba eius dūra fuerint.

But we wish to learn why he was so jealous and why his words were so harsh.

7. Cum cēterī hās īnsidiās cognōverint, vult in exsilium fūrtim ac quam celerrimē sē cōnferre ut rūmōrēs et invidiam vītet.

Since the rest know these plots, he wants to secretly betake himself into exile as swiftly as possible so that he may avoid rumors and hatred.

8. Multīne discipulī tantum studium ūsque praestant ut hās sententiās facillimē ūnō annō legere possint?

Do many students always show so much zeal that they may be able to read these sentences very easily in one year?

9. Cum dīvitiās āmīsisset et ūnum assem nōn habērent, tamen omnēs cīvēs ingenium mōrēsque eius maximē laudābant.

Although he had lost his wealth and did not have one as, nevertheless all the citizens were especially praising his nature and character.

10. Plūra meliōraque lēgibus aequīs quam ferrō certē faciēmus.

We shall certainly do more and better things with fair laws than with a sword.

11. Oculī tuī sunt pulchriōrēs sīderibus caelī, mea puella; es gracilis et bella, ac ōscula sunt dulciōra vīnō: amēmus sub lūce lūnae!

Your eyes are more beautiful than the stars of the sky, my girl; you are slender and pretty, and your kisses too are sweeter than wine: let us love beneath the light of the moon.

12. Iste hostis, in Italiam cum multīs elephantīs veniēns, prīmō pugnāre nōluit et plūrimōs diēs in montibus cōnsūmpsit.

That enemy, coming into Italy with many elephants, at first did not wish to fight and spent (very) many days in the mountains.

13. Sī nepōs tē ad cēnam invītābit, mēnsam explēbit et tibi tantum vīnī offeret quantum vīs; nōlī, autem, nimium bibere.

If your grandson invites you to dinner, he will fill up the table and offer you as much wine as you wish; but do not drink too much.

14. Do you wish to live longer and better?

Visne diutius atque melius vivere?

15. He wishes to speak as wisely as possible so that they may yield to him very quickly.

Ille quam sapientissime vult dicere ut ei ipsi citissime cedant.

16. When these plans had been learned, we asked why he had been unwilling to prepare the army with the greatest possible care.

Cum haec consilia nota essent rogavimus cur noluisset maxima cum cura exercitum parare.

17. That man, who used to be very humble, now so keenly wishes to have wealth that he is willing to lose his two best friends.

Iste qui erat humillimus nunc tam acriter divitias habere vult ut velit duos optimos amicos amittere.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Occāsiō nōn facile praebētur sed facile ac repente āmittitur. (Publilius Syrus.)

Opportunity is not easily provided but is easily and suddenly lost.

2. Nōbīscum vīvere iam diūtius nōn potes; nōlī remanēre; id nōn ferēmus. (Cicero.)

You are not able to live with us any longer; do not stay; we will not bear it.

3. Vīs rēctē vīvere? Quis nōn? (*Horace. --rēctus -a -um 正直的，正当的)

Do you wish to live properly? Who doesn’t?

4. Plūs nōvistī quid faciendum sit. (Terence.)

You know more what ought to be done.

5. Mihi vērē dīxit quid vellet. (Terence.)

He told me truthfully what he wanted.

6. Parēs cum paribus facillimē congregantur. (*Cicero. --congregāre to gather into a flock.)

Equals with equals are gathered together (congregated) most easily.

7. Tē magis quam oculōs meōs amō. (Terence.)

I love you more than my own eyes.

8. Hominēs libenter id crēdunt quod volunt. (Caesar. --libēns, -entis, willing.)

Men willingly believe what they want to.

9. Multa ēveniunt hominibus quae volunt et quae nōlunt. (Plautus. --ēvenīre, to happen.)

Many things happen to men that they want and that they do not want.

10. Cōnsiliō melius contendere atque vincere possumus quam īrā.

We can contend and conquer better with a plan than with anger.

11. Optimus quisque facere māvult quam dīcere. (Sallust. --māvult quam=magis vult quam.)

Each best man is more willing to do than to speak.

12. Omnēs sapientēs fēlīciter, perfectē, fortūnātē vīvunt. (Cicero. --perfectus -a -um, complete.)

All wise men live happily, completely, and fortunately.

13. Maximē eum laudant quī pecūniā nōn movētur. (Cicero.)

They especially praise one who is not moved by money.

14. Sī vīs scīre quam nihil malī in paupertāte sit, cōnfer pauperem et dīvitem: pauper saepius et fidēlius rīdet. (Seneca.)

If you wish to know how there is nothing bad in poverty, compare a poor and a rich man: the poor man laughs more often and more genuinely.

15. Magistrī puerīs crūstula dant ut prīma elementa discere velint. (Horace. --crūstulum -ī, cookie. --elementum -ī.)

Teachers give children cookies so they may be willing to learn the first basics.

16. Sī vīs mē flēre, dolendum est prīmum ipsī tibi. (*Horace. --flēre, to weep.)

If you wish to weep for me, first you should grieve for yourself.

THE CHARACTER OF CIMON

Cimōn celeriter ad summōs honōrēs pervēnit. Habēbat enim satis ēloquentiae, summam lībertālitātem, magnam scientiam lēgum et reī mīlitāris, quod cum patre ā puerō in exercitibus fuerat. Itaque hic populum urbānum in suā potestāte facillimē tenuit et apud exercitum valuit plūrimum auctōritāte.

(Nepos, Cimōn; adapted exerpts.)

per-venīre

ēloquentia -ae

līberālitās -tātis

mīlitāris -ē

ā puerō from his boyhood

potestās -tātis power

auctōritās -tātis authority the abl. tells in what respect.

Cimon quickly arrived at the highest offices. Indeed he had enough of eloquence, the utmost generosity, great knowledge of laws and of the art of war (res militaris), because he had been with his father in the army from boyhood. And so this man very easily kept the people of the city in his power and was powerful among the greatest army in respect to authority.

Cum ille occidisset, Athēniēnsēs dē eō diū doluērunt; nōn sōlum in bellō, autem, sed etiam in pāce eum graviter dēsīderāvērunt. Fuit enim vir tantae līberālitātis ut, cum multōs hortōs habēret, numquam in hīs custōdiās pōneret; nam hortōs līberrimē patēre voluit nē populus ab hīs frūctibus prohibērētur.

Athēniēnsēs Athenians

hortus -ī garden

When he had died, the Athenians long mouned over him; not only in war, however, but also in peace they gravely longed for him. Truly he was a man of such liberality that, although he had many gardens, he never placed guards in them; for he wished his gardens to be open most freely so that the people would not be kept away from these fruits.

Saeper autem, cum aliquem minus bene vestītum vidēret, eī suum amiculum dedit. Multōs locuplētāvit; multōs pauperēs vīvōs iūvit atque mortuōs suō sūmptū extulit. Sīc minimē mīrum est sī, propter mōrēs Cimōnis, vīta eius fuit sēcūra et mors eius fuit omnibus tam acerba quam mors cuiusdam ex familiā.

vestītus -a -um clothed

amiculum -ī cloak

locuplētāre to enrich

sūmptus -ūs expense

extulit: ef-ferō bury

mīrus -a -um surprising

sē-cūrus -a -um: sē- means without

Often, however, when he saw someone less well dressed, he gave his own cloak to him. He enriched many; he helped many poor men living, and buried the dead at his own expense. Thus it is minimunly surprising if, because of /Cimon's character, his life was free from care and his death was as harsh to all as the death of someone from the family.

A VACATION... FROM YOU!

Quid mihi reddat ager quaeris, Line, Nōmentānus?

  Hoc mihi reddit ager: tē, Line, nōn videō!

(*Martial 2.38; meter: elegiac couplet.)

reddō -ere 回报to give back, return (in profit).

Linus -ī（人名）

Nōmentānus -a -um in Nomentum, a town of Latium known for its wine industry.

Linus, you ask what my farm in Nomentum gives back to me?

The field gives me back this: I don't see you, Linus!

PLEASE... DON'T!

Nīl recitās et vīs, Māmerce, poēta vidērī.

  Quidquid vīs estō, dummodo nīl recitēs!

nīl=nihil

Māmercus -ī

estō, fut.imperf. of esse, “Be...!”

(*Martial 2.88; meter: elegiac couplet.)

You recite nothing and you wish to seem a poet, Mamercus.

Be what you wish, as long as you recite nothing!

昨夜Thomas忽传噩耗，乔润学长病逝！惊讶震惊，无可言表。

结识学长于05年夏辅大古中学程。抵台次晨下楼，即见相貌身材表情大不同之二人，自荐领大家去早餐店。白净瘦弱语气极温柔者即为乔润学长，而黝黑结实者为Thomas。二人同在辅大哲学所研究朗尼根哲学，并为室友。此是初见。后一同修魏神父拉丁文课，课间课下聊天，与学长渐渐熟悉。学长待人极温和谦逊有礼，为所有学程同学老师喜爱，凡有活动必邀之。然彼时学长需回家照顾太太并新生儿，常遗憾不能赴约。学长谈及妻儿，语气极温柔珍视。予至今藏学长小儿啃指照片一帧，常出示人，谓学长为极幸福之人。学长以吉他为最大喜好，曾拜名师修习数年。Thomas与他二人合奏琴曲，我常在旁听痴。学长之阿尔罕布拉宫回忆一曲，余音至今不绝于耳。

学程结课后余回京。偶上MSN，学长必关心问候彼时处军中之Thomas，祝福我二人，并指导我学习吉他。我至今存有学长馈赠之各类大师演奏视频与名曲佳作。后联络渐稀，断续听闻学长短期修学于波士顿，并返台求教职之消息，只道学长一切顺遂……

昨夜Thomas方告知，其实学长早于五六年前罹患肝癌。结识学长之时，他已显消瘦。然学长误信偏方，病症为江湖游医所延误。如今得知来龙去脉，怎不让人痛心疾首。

余何幸而结识学长，何幸而得其指导琴艺，何幸而得其关怀祝福！天何无情哉！天何无情哉！

各位若在台湾，请为乔润学长送行。蜜蜂在此遥撒薄酒祭奠了。再拜。