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第二十一课 练习部分

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Laus autem nimis saepe est neque certa neque magna.

However, praise is too often neither reliable nor great.

2. Senēs in gente nostrā ab fīliīs numquam neglegēbantur.

Old men in our tribe never used to be neglected by their sons.

3. Quis tum iussus erat Graeciam metū līberāre, familiās dēfendere, atque hostēs ā patriā prohibēre?

Who had been ordered at that time to free Greece from fear, defend the families, and keep the enemy from the fatherland?

4. Salūtis commūnis causā eōs coniūrātiōs ex urbe discēdere ac trāns flūmen ad montēs dūcī iussit.

For the sake of the common good, he commanded those conspirators to leave from the city and be taken across the river to the mountains.

5. Aliī auctōrēs coepērunt spīritūs nostrōs contrā iūdicium atque argūmenta senātūs iterum movēre, quod omnēs metū novō territī erant.

The other authors began to move our spirits against the senate’s judgment and arguments again, because everyone had been terrified by a new fear.

6. Omnia genera servitūtis nōbīs videntur aspera.

All types of slavery seem harsh to us.

7. Rapiēturne igitur Cicerō ex manibus istōrum?

Will Cicero consequently be seized out of the hands of those men?

8. Quī fīnis metūs atque servitūtis in eā cīvitāte nunc potest vidērī?

What end of fear and slavery can now be seen in that state?

9. At senectūtis bonae causa iam bene vīvere dēbēmus.

But, for the sake of a good old age, we must live well now.

10. In familiā eōrum erant duae fīliae atque quattuor fīliī.

In their family were two daughters and also four sons.

11. Casa vīcīnī nostrī habuit paucās fenestrās per quās vidēre potuit.

Our neighbor’s house had few windows through which he could see.

12. Quandō cornū audīvit, senex in genua cecidit et deīs immortālibus grātiās prōnūntiābat.

When he heard the horn, the old men fell onto his knees and proclaimed his thanks to the immortal gods.

13. Propter beneficia et sēnsum commūnem tyrannī, paucī eum odērunt.

Because of the tyrant’s gifts and common sense, few men hates him.

14. The truth will not be found without great labor.

Veritas sine magno labore non invenietur.

15. Many nations which lack true peace are being destroyed by wars.

Multae patriae bellis delentur quae vera pace egent.

16. Their fears can now be conquered because our deeds are understood by all.

Metus eorum nunc possunt vinci quod facta nostra ab omnibus intelleguntur.

17. Unless serious pursuits delight us, they are often neglected for the sake of money or praise.

Nisi studia gravia nos delectant, saepe negleguntur pecuniae causa aut laudis.

 

 

SENENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Numquam perīculum sine perīculō incitur. (Publilius Syrus.)

Never is danger conquered without danger.

2. Novius est vīcinus meus et manū dextrā tangī dē fenestrīs meīs potest. (Martial. --Novius, 人名。)

Novius is my neighbor and with my right hand, he can be touched from my windows.

3. Nōnne iūdicēs iubēbunt hunc in vincula dūcī et ad mortem rapī? (Cicero.--nōnne 引导的问句期待回答为“是”；详见四十课。--vinculum -ī 锁链。)

Won’t the judges order this man to be led in chains and dragged off to death?

4. Altera aetās bellīs cīvīlibus teritur et Rōma ipsa suīs vīribus dēlētur. (Horace. --cīvīlis -e 公民的，国内的。-- terō -ere -trīvī trītum 消磨，用坏。)

The former era is worn out by civil wars and Rome itself is destroyed by its own strength.

5. At amīcitia nūllō locō exclūditur; numquam est intempestīva aut sinistra; multa beneficia continent. (Cicero. -- exclūdō -ere 排除；-- intempestīvus -a -um 不合时宜的)

But friendship is excluded from no place; it is never untimely or improper; it contains many gifts.

6. Futūra scīrī nōn possunt. (Cicero. -- futūrus -a -um 将来的)

Future things cannot be known.

7. Prīncipiō ipse mundus deōrum hominumque causā factus est, et quae in eō sunt, ea parāta sunt ad frūctum hominum. (Cicero.)

In the beginning, the world itself was made for the sake of gods and men, and those things which are in it were provided towards the benefit of man.

8. Quam cōpiōsē ā Xenophonte agrīcultūra laudātur in eō librō quī “Oeconomicus” īnscrībitur. (Cicero. -- cōpiōsē adv. 丰富地，冗长地；-- Xenophōn -phontis. 色诺芬（人名）；-- agrīcultūra -ae 农业；-- īnscrībō -ere 命名)

How copiously agriculture is praised by Xenophon in that book which is entitled “Oeconomicus”.

9. Vulgus vult dēcipī. (*Phaedrus. -- vult 想要(不规则动词)。-- dēcipiō -ere 欺骗。)

The common people want to be deceived.

10. Ubi scientia ac sapientia inveniuntur? (Job.)

Where are knowledge and wisdom found?

11. Vēritās nimis saepe labōrat; exstinguitur numquam. (Livy. -- exstinguō -ere 熄灭，压制。)

Truth is distressed too often; it is never extinguished.

 

VIRGIL'S MESSIANIC ECLOGUE

Venit iam magna aetās nova; dē caelō mittitur puer, quī vītam deōrum habēbit deōsque vidēbit et ipse vidēbitur ab illīs. Hic puer reget mundum cui virtūtēs patris pācem dedērunt. Pauca mala, autem, remanēbunt, quae hominēs iubēbunt labōrāre atque bellum asperum gerere. Erunt etiam altera bella atque iterum ad Trōiam magnus mittētur Achillēs. Tum, puer, ubi iam longa aetās tē virum fēcerit, erunt nūllī labōrēs, nūlla bella; nautae ex navibus discēdent, agricolae quoque iam agrōs relinquent, terra ipsa omnibus hominibus omnia parābit. Currite, aetātēs; incipe, parve puer, scīre mātrem, et erit satis spīritūs mihi tua dīcere facta.

(Virgil, Eclogae 4; written ca. 40 B.C., the poem from which this reading is adapted was taken by many early Christians as a prophecy of the birth of Christ. -- altera bella the same wars over again. --scīre mātrem i.e., to be born.)

Now comes a great new age; sent down from the sky is a boy, who will have the life of the gods and will see the gods and will himself be seen by them. This boy will guide the world to which the virtues of his father gave peace. A few evils, however, will remain, which will command men to work and wage a rough war. There will even be the same wars over again and great Achilles will be sent again to Troy. Then, boy, when a long period of time will have made you a man, there will be no labors, no wars; the sailors will leave their ships, the farmers also will now leave their fields, the earth itself will provide all things for all men. Run, O ages; begin, small boy, to know your mother (i.e. be born), and there will be enough breath to tell me your deeds.

 

随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin

需要书的学友请至http://www.magic-e.org/latin/textbook.htm 下载。

 

Chapter 21 Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System

第二十一课 直陈现在时系统被动式：第三、四种动词变位

一，变位

	第三变位	第四变位	-iō结尾特殊第三变位
现在时(-i-)	agor ageris agitur	audior audīris audītur	capior caperis capitur
	agimur agiminī aguntur	audīmur audīminī audiuntur	capimur capiminī capiuntur
将来时(-e-/-ie-)	agar agēris agētur	audiar audiēris audiētur	capiar capiēris capiētur
	agēmur agēminī agentur	audiēmur audiēminī audientur	capiēmur capiēminī capientur
未完成时(-eba-/-ieba-)	agēbar agēbāris agēbātur	audiēbar audiēbāris audiēbātur	capiēbar capiēbāris capiēbātur
	agēbāmur agēbāminī agēbantur	audiēbāmur audiēbāminī audiēbantur	capiēbāmur capiēbāminī capiēbantur

 

注意：

1.     第三种变位中，第二人称单数现在时和将来时几乎是一样的，区别在于长音符（ageris 和 agēris）

2.     capiō和audiō的变格在此几乎是一样的，不通点仅有两处：现在时的长音符（i和ī），第二人称单数（caperis 和audīris）

3.     第三第四种变位的动词完成时被动遵循一般规律，我们已经在十九课学过。

 

二，现在时系统的被动不定式：

第四种变位很简单，将主动不定式中末尾的-e变成-ī就可以了：

第三种变位（包括-iō动词）将全部-ere词尾去掉，加上-ī：

 

三，一个动词的全套变位（synopsis）：

现在我们已经学完规则动词的全套变位。在练习中可能会被问到写出动词的synopsis，这指的是动词在某一人称的全套变位。例如ago第三人称单数的synopsis：

	现在时	将来时	未完成时	完成时	将来完成时	过去完成时
主动	agit	aget	agēbat	ēgit	ēgerit	ēgerat
被动	agitur	agētur	agēbātur	āctus est	āctus erit	āctus erat

 

单词表：

cāsa -ae f 房子，小屋，茅屋

causa -ae f 原因，理由；情况

fenestra -ae f 窗户

fīnis fīnis m 结束，限度，限制，目的；fīnēs -ium 限制，领土

gēns gentis f 种族，族群，国家，国民

mundus -ī m 世界，宇宙

nāvis nāvis f 船，舰

salūs salūtis f 健康，安全；问候

Trōia -ae f 特洛伊

vīcīnus -ī m 或 vīcīna -ae f 邻居

vulgus -ī n(偶尔m) 普通人，乌合之众

asper aspera asperum 粗糙的，艰难的

atque / ac（仅限于辅音前） conj 和，而且，甚至

iterum adv 有一次，再一次

contineō -tinēre -tinuī -tentum 保持，保存，维持，抑制

iubeō iubēre iussī iussum 命令，下令

labōrō (1) 劳动，劳苦，不幸

rapiō rapere rapuī raptum 抓住，带走

relinquō -linquere -līquī -lictum 放弃，放下，留下

sciō scīre scīvī scītum 知道

tangō tangere tetigī tāctum 触碰