以下是我硕士论文所做的一点前期工作中的一部分。

de Imitatione Christi是西方中世纪著名的宗教文学作品。1640年Emmanuel Diaz（阳玛诺）与朱宗元将其翻译为中文，书名为《轻世金书》。译文采用尚书谟诰体，被誉为最古奥的基督教文学译本。

以下是第一卷第一章的对比。采用拉丁文本，现代英文本，轻世金书，以及（在某些段落采用，绿色字体）黄培永先生的现代汉语本。

Liber Primus

ADMONITIONES AD SPIRITUALEM VITAM UTILES

BOOK ONE

THOUGHTS HELPFUL IN THE LIFE OF THE SOUL

Capitulum I DE IMITATIONE CHRISTI ET CONTEMPTU MUNDI OMNIUMQUE EIUS VANITATUM

_{contemptus -us m contempt, despising; ignominy; disregard; object of contempt (contemnō -nere -psī -ptus tr)
mundus -ī m universe, heavens; world, mankind
vanitas vanitatis f emptiness, untruthfulness; futility, foolishness, empty pride}
师主实行，轻世幻光 一章
The First Chapter IMITATING CHRIST AND DESPISING ALL VANITIES ON EARTH

Qui sequitur me non ambulat in tenebris, dicit Dominus.
主曰，人从余，罔履冥崎，恒享神生真光。
HE WHO follows Me, walks not in darkness," says the Lord.

Haec sunt verba Christi, quibus admonemur quatenus vitam eius et mores imitemur, si volumus veraciter illuminari et ab omni coecitate cordis liberari.
_{quatenus adv how far/long, to what extent; where; while, so far as; since
veraciter adv truly; in truth, truthfully; really
coecitate ?
cor cordis n heart; mind/soul/spirit; intellect/judgment}
兹主训也，示人欲扫心翳，慕灵辉者，宜师主行，而时趋之。
By these words of Christ we are advised to imitate His life and habits, if we wish to be truly enlightened and free from all blindness of heart.

Summum igitur studium nostrum sit in vita Iesu meditari.
嘿行焉，咀言焉。
Let our chief effort, therefore, be to study the life of Jesus Christ.

Doctrina eius omnes doctrinas sanctorum praecellit, et qui spiritum haberet absconditum ibi manna inveniret.
_{praecello -ere - - v excel; surpass
absconditus -a -um adj hidden, secret, concealed}
主言超诸圣语，勤法主行，则晰主言。
The teaching of Christ is more excellent than all the advice of the saints, and he who has His spirit will find in it a hidden manna.

Sed contingit quod multi ex frequenti auditu evangelii parvum desiderium sentiunt, quia spiritum Christi non habent.
_{contingit contingere contigit contactus est v impers it happens, it turns out; (perf) it came to pass
Evangelium Evangeli(i) n Gospel, Good News
desiderium -i(i) n desire/ longing/ want/ requirement}
奈人群聆训，褎如充耳。惮于效行。
Now, there are many who hear the Gospel often but care little for it because they have not the spirit of Christ.

Qui autem vult plene et sapide verba Christi intelligere oportet ut totam vitam suam illi studeat conformare.
_{sapide from sapidus -a -um prudent
oportet oportere oportuit - v impers it is right/proper/necessary; it is becoming; it behooves; ought
studeo -ere -ui - v desire, be eager for; busy oneself with; strive
conformo -are -avi -atus v trans shape/mold skillfully; outline, describe}
故欲彻主言，虽遵主行。
Yet whoever wishes to understand fully the words of Christ must try to pattern his whole life on that of Christ.

Quid prodest tibi alta de Trinitate disputare, si careas humilitate, unde displiceas Trinitati?
_{prosum prodesse profui profuturus v be useful, be advantageous, benefit, profit (with Dat.)
Trinitas Trinitatis f number three; triad, trinity; the Holy/Blessed Trinity
careo career carui caritus v be without/absent from/ devoid of/ free from; miss; abstain from, lack, lose
unde from where, whence, from what or which place; from which; from whom
displiceo -ere -ui -itus v displease}
汝以高论，称誉圣三，若乏谦爱，反致圣三之怒。
What good does it do to speak learnedly about the Trinity if, lacking humility, you displease the Trinity?

Vere alta verba non faciunt sanctum et iustum, sed virtuosa vita efficit Deo carum.
高论奚裨，故首德，次言。
Indeed it is not learning that makes a man holy and just, but a virtuous life makes him pleasing to God.
的确，高言大智不会使人成为圣洁和公义，只有道德的生活才是神所喜爱的。

Opto magis sentire compunctionem, quam scire eius definitionem.
_{opto -are -avi- atus v choose, select; wish, wish for, desire
compunctio compunctionis f puncture, prick; remorse, sting/ prick of conscience}
明晓理，可。嗜厥益，尤可。
I would rather feel contrition than know how to define it.
我觉得悔罪比光认识悔罪的定义更重要。

Si scires totam Bibliam et omnium philosophorum dicta, quid totum prodest sine caritate et gratia?
_{Biblia -ae f Bible
prosum prodesse profui profuturus v be useful, be advantageous, benefit, profit (with Dat.)
caritas caritatis f charity; love, affection, esteem, favor; dearness; high price}
友虽博极今昔圣贤华论，透古今经书奥旨，设匪爱主，灵乏圣宠，学亦荒矣。
For what would it profit us to know the whole Bible by heart and the principles of all the philosophers if we live without grace and the love of God?

Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas, praeter amare Deum et illi soli servire. Ista est summa sapientia, per contemptum mundi tendere ad regna coelestia.
_{vanitas -atis f emptiness, untruthfulness; futility, foolishness, empty pride
praeter prep+acc besides, except, contrary to; beyond (rank), in front of, before
contemptus -us m contempt/scorn/despising; ignominy; disregard
tendo -dere -di -sus v stretch/spread/extend; distend; aim
coeleste -tis n supernatural/heavenly matters (pl.); heavenly bodies; astronomy}
爱主而事之，轻世幻光，重天纯嘏，斯真知实学也哉。
Vanity of vanities and all is vanity, except to love God and serve Him alone. This is the greatest wisdom -- to seek the kingdom of heaven through contempt of the world.

嗟人蚩蚩，徒恋名利瞬禧，弗虞后患永僇。殆且虚也。

Vanitas igitur est divitias perituras quaerere et in illis sperare.
_{pereo perire perivi peritus v die, pass away; be ruined, be destroyed; go to waste
quaero quaerere quaesivi quaesitus v search for, seek, strive for; obtain; ask, inquire, demand
spero sperare speravi speratus v hope for; trust; look forward to; hope}
It is vanity, therefore, to seek and trust in riches that perish.
所以，追求和倚靠那要朽坏的财富是虚空；

Vanitas quoque est honores ambire et in altum se extollere.
_{ambio -ire -ivi -itus v go round, visit in rotation, inspect; solicit, canvass; circle, embrace
altum alti n a height/depth
extollo -ere - - v raise; lift up; extol, advance; erect}
It is vanity also to court honor and to be puffed up with pride.
贪图荣名和攀望高位也是虚空。

Vanitas est carnis desideria sequi et illud desiderare unde postmodum graviter oportet puniri.
_{sequor sequi sectus sum v dep follow; escort/attend/accompany; aim at/reach after
postmodum adv after a while, later, a little later; afterwards; presently
punior puniri punitus sum v dep punish (person/offence), inflict punishment; avenge, extract retribution}
It is vanity to follow the lusts of the body and to desire things for which severe punishment later must come.
随从肉体的欲望，而且为它而劳力是虚空，因为至终必定要为它遭受更苦的惩罚。

Vanitas est longam vitam optare et de bona vita modicum curare.
_{modicum -I n short/ small time; short distance, little way; little, small amount}
It is vanity to wish for long life and to care little about a well-spent life.
希望长寿却不注意健康的生活也是虚空。

Vanitas est praesentem vitam solum attendere et quae futura sunt non praevidere.
_{praesens gen praesentis adj present; at hand; existing; prompt, in person; propitious
praevideo -dere -di -sus v foresee, see in advance}
It is vanity to be concerned with the present only and not to make provision for things to come.
只想到目前的生活，却没有预先看见将要来临的事情是虚空。

Vanitas est diligere quod cum omni celeritate transit et illuc non festinare ubi sempiternum manet gaudium.
_{illuc adv there, thither, to that place/ point
sempiternus -a -um adj perpetual/ everlasting/ permanent/ eternal; lasting forever}
It is vanity to love what passes quickly and not to look ahead where eternal joy abides.
贪爱那些瞬即消逝的事物，却不追求永恒快乐的所在是虚空。

[Memento illius frequenter proverbii, quia non satiatur oculus visu nec auris impletur auditu.]
谚曰：俗物不饫目，绮语莫餍耳。
Often recall the proverb: "The eye is not satisfied with seeing nor the ear filled with hearing."

Stude ergo cor tuum ab amore visibilium abstrahere et ad invisibilia te transferre.
惟心远世，神游于天，斯善士急务。
_{cor cordis n heart; mind/ soul/ spirit; intellect/ judgment; souls/ persons (pl.)}
Try, moreover, to turn your heart from the love of things visible and bring yourself to things invisible.

Nam sequentes suam sensualitatem maculant conscientiam et perdunt Dei gratiam.
若从邪心污，圣爱必逖矣。
_{sequor sequi sectus sum v dep follow; escort/ attend/ accompany;
maculo maculare maculavi maculatus v spot; pollute; dishonor, taint
perdo -ere -idi -itus v ruin, destroy; lose; waste}
For they who follow their own evil passions stain their consciences and lose the grace of God.

随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin 第二十三课（下）

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

（练习中所有分词的特征部分如-nt-/-ns(present), -ur-(future), -nd-(gerundive)我均添加了划线，而完成时被动分词整体添加下划线）

1. Aliquid numquam ante audītum cernō.

I determine nothing before it has been heard.

2. Illum ōrātōrem in mediō senātū iterum petentem fīnem bellōrum ac scelerum nōn adiūvistis.

You did not help that orator seeking the end of wars and crimes in the middle of the senate.

3. Certī frūctūs pācis ab territō vulgō atque senātū cupiēbantur.

The certain benefits of peace used to be wanted by the frightened commoners and also by the senate.

4. Quī vir magnanimus aliās gentēs gravī metū servitūtis līberābit?

What brave man will free the other peoples from the heavy dread of servitude?

5. Nēmō fidem neglegēns timōre umquam carēbit.

No one ignoring faith will ever lack fear.

6. Illa fēmina fortūnāta haec cōnsilia contrā eōs malōs quondam aluit et salūtis commūnis causā semper labōrābat.

That fortunate woman once supported these plans against those evil men and, for the sake of the common safety, she was always working.

7. Illam gentem Latīnam oppressūrī et dīvitiās raptūrī, omnēs virōs magnae probitātis premere ac dēlēre prōtinus coepērunt.

Since they were about to suppress that Latin tribe and seize riches, they began to pursue and exterminate all men of great probity immediately.

8. Tollēturne fāma huius medicī istīs versibus novīs?

Is the fame of this doctor being uplifted by those new verses?

9. At vīta illīus modī aequī aliquid iūcundī atque fēlīcis continet.

But a life of that calm manner contains something pleasant and happy.

10. Quō diē ex igne at ferrō atque morte certā ēreptus es?

On what day were you rescued from the fire, the sword, and also certain death?

11. We gave many things to nations lacking hope.

Nos dedimus multa gentibus spe carentibus.

12. Those ten men, (when) called, will come again with great eagerness.

Illi decem viri, vocati, magno cum studio iterum venient.

13. Through the window they saw the second old man running out of his neighbor’s house and away from the city.

Per fenestram secundum senem ex casa vicini et ab urbe currentem viderunt.

14. He himself was overepowered by uncertain fear because he desired neither truth nor liberty.

Ipse metu incerto superatus est quod nec veritatem nec libertatem desiderabat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Vīvēs meīs praesidiīs oppressus. (Cicero.--praesidium -iī 卫兵，保镖.)

You will live, suppressed by my guards.

2. Illī autem, tendentēs manūs dextrās, salūtem petēbant. (Livy.--tendō -ere, 伸展，延长，伸出.)

But those men extending their right hands were seeking safety.

3. Tantalus sitiēns flūmina ab ōre fugientia tangere desīderābat. (Horace. --sitīre 口渴。)

Tantalus, being thirsty, kept desiring to touch the rivers hurrying away from his mouth.

4. Signa rērum futūrārum mundō ā dīs ostenduntur. (Cicero.)

The signs of things about to be are shown to the world by the gods.(futurarum: esse的将来时主动分词futurus的阴性复数属格变格)

5. Graecia capta asperum victōrem cēpit. (Horace. --victor -tōris 在这里指罗马。)

Captured Greece has captured its fierce conqueror.

6. Atticus Cicerōnī ex patriā fugientī multam pecūniam dedit. (Nepos. --Atticus 西塞罗一朋友的名字。)

Atticus gave much money to Cicero, (who was) fleeing out of the fatherland.

7. Sī mihi eum ēducandum committēs, studia eius fōrmāre ab īnfantiā incipiam. (Quintilian. --fōrmāre 塑造。--īnfantia -ae.婴儿时代)

If you will entrust him to me to be brought up, I shall begin to form his studies from infancy.

8. Saepe stilum verte, bonum libellum scrīptūrus. (Horace. --stilum vertere 颠倒铁笔，即使用橡皮擦。)

Use the eraser often; you are about to write a good little book.

9. Cūra ōrātōris dictūrī eōs audītūrōs dēlectat. (Quintilian.)

The anxiety of the orator about to speak delights those about to listen.

10. Mortī Sōcratis semper illacrimō, legēns Platōnem. (Cicero. --Sōcratēs -cratis苏格拉底。--illacrīmāre为……哭。--Platō -tōnis柏拉图.)

I always weep over the death of Socrates, while reading Plato.

11. Memoria vītae bene āctae multōrumque bene factōrum iūcunda est. (Cicero.)

The memory of a life well lived and many things well done is satisfying.

12. Quī timēns vīvet, līber nōn erit umquam. (Horace. --quī=is quī.)

He who will live frightened, will not ever be free. （这句话里timens是现在时主动分词，意为fearing，然而翻译成英语时按英语习惯变成被动的frightened了。）

13. Nōn is est miser quī iussus aliquid facit, sed is quī invītus facit. (Seneca. --invītus -a -um 不愿意的；在这里形容词有副词的作用。在拉丁文中很常见。)

He who does something when ordered is not wretched, but he who does [when] unwilling (is).

14. Verbum semel ēmissum volat irrevocābile. (Horace. -- semel 副词，一次。-- ē-mittere发出。-- volāre 飞。-- irrevocābilis -e 不可召回；不可改变)

A word, once sent out, flies [about], irrevocable.（中国人所谓一言既出，驷马难追；驷不及舌。）

LAOCOON SPEAKS OUT AGAINST THE TROJAN HORSE

Oppressī bellō longō et ā deīs aversī, ducēs Graecōrum, iam post decem annōs, magnum equum ligneum arte Minervae faciunt. Uterum multīs mīlitibus complent, equum in lītore relinquunt, et ultrā īnsulam proximam nāvigant. Trōiānī nūllās cōpiās aut nāvēs vident; omnis Trōia gaudet; panduntur portae. Dē equō, autem, Trōiānī sunt incertī. Aliī eum in urbem dūcī cupiunt; aliī eum Graecās īnsidiās appellant. Prīmus ibi ante omnēs, dē arce currēns, Laocoon, sacerdōs Trōiānus, haec verba dīcit: “Ō miserī cīvēs, nōn estis sānī! Quid cōgitātis? Nōnne intellegitis Graecōs et īnsidiās eōrum? Aut inveniētis in istō equō multōs mīlitēs ācrēs, aut equus est machina bellī, facta contrā nōs, ventūra in urbem, vīsūra casās nostrās et populum. Aut aliquid latet. Equō nē crēdite, Trōiānī: quidquid id est, timeō Danaōs et dōna gerentēs!” Dīxit, et potentem hastam magnīs vīribus manūs sinistrae in uterum equī iēcit; stetit illa, tremēns.

 (Virgil, Aeneid 2.13-52；改编自维吉尔《埃涅阿斯纪》-- ligneus -a -um 木头的，木质的。-- Minerva 米涅瓦，即雅典娜，战争之神，希腊人的保护神。--uterus -ī 腹部。--complēre填充。--proximus -a -um 附近的。--Trōiānus -ā -um 特洛伊的。--pandō -ere 打开。-- Nōnne引导反问句，期待肯定回答，难道不是……？--machina -ae 机器。--vīsūra这里指侦查。-- latēre藏匿。--equō 在这里是与格，接crēdite。--nē=nōn。--Danaōs=Graecōs。-- et加gerentēs=etiam。--tremō -ere 发抖，抖动。[拉奥孔的故事会在二十五课继续])

Oppressed by a long war and by averse gods, the Greek leaders, now after ten years, are making a great wooden horse by the art of Minerva. They fill up the belly with many soldiers, they leave the horse on the shore, and sail to the other side of a nearby island. The Trojans see no troops or ships; all Troy rejoices; the gates are opened. But the Trojans are unsure of the horse. Some want it to be led into the city; others call it a Greek ambush. First there before everyone, running from the citadel, Laocoon, a Trojan priest, said these words: "O wretched citizens, you are not sane! What are you thinking? Do you not understand the Greeks and their plot? Either you will find fierce soldiers in that horse, or the horse is a machine of war, created against us, about to come into the city, about to spy on our houses and people. Or something lies hidden. Do not trust the horse, Trojans: whatever it is, I fear Greeks, especially (those) carrying gifts. He spoke, and threw a powerful spear with great strength of his left hand into the horse's belly; it stood, shaking.

随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin

第二十三课 分词（Participles）

学到分词的时候我就有点晕了，课后费了好大劲儿才弄明白。回想起来其实也不难，只是四种分词形式类似，主动被动形式之间有所交叉，需要细心记忆。

为什么要学分词呢？古典拉丁文不喜欢用冗长的定语、状语从句，而常常用分词来代替。正如他们使用简洁的宾格+不定式代替宾语从句一样。

Wheelock给出的记忆方法：

现在分词的标志是-ns(-nt-)，可以借 “PRESENT”这个词来记忆。

完成时被动分词也就是每个动词的第四个主要形式。

将来时主动分词标志是-ur-，可以借助“FUTURE”这个词来记忆。

将来时被动分词的标志是-nd-，由于将来时被动分词又被称为“gerundive”，可借来联想记忆。

需要特别注意的是主动将来时分词是由被动分词的词根（被动分词砍掉词尾的-us/-um/-a）构成的，辨析其为主动，不仅需要上下文的帮助，更需要对-ur-有足够的敏感度。

（现在时词根的详细解释见前，简单说就是动词的现在时形式去除词尾后剩下的部分。）

以agō, audiō, capiō为例：

agō, agere, ēgī, āctum

audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus

capiō, capere, cēpī, captus

分词变格：

分词的功能相当于形容词，因此也根据其修饰的中心语的不同，按形容词来变格。

其中现在分词比较特殊，按第三种变格变化。其阳性和阴性单数夺格(abl)词尾可以为-e也可以为-ī.

其它三种分词变格都严格按照第一第二种变格来变。

分词的功能：

分词相当于一个谓词性的修饰成分。其时态是相对的。

现在时分词表示与主句动作同时发生。

完成时分词表示在主句动作发生前发生。

将来时分词表示在主句动作发生后发生。

单词表：

arx arcis f 要塞，碉堡

dux ducis m 领袖；指挥官

equus -ī m 马

hasta -ae f 矛

īnsula -ae f 岛屿

lītus lītoris n 海滩，海岸

mīles mīlitis m 士兵

ōrātor ōrātōris m 演说者

sacerdōs sacerdōtis m 祭司，牧师

aliquis aliquid (gen alicuius, dat alicui, etc.;) indef.pron.（不定代词） 某人，某些人，某些事

quisquis quidquid indef.pron（不定代词） 无论谁，无论什么

magnanimus -a -um 勇敢的

umquam adv （用于问句或否定句）从来

ēducō (1) 教育，抚养长大

gaudeō gaudēre gāvīsus sum 高兴

ostendō ostendere ostendī ostentum 展示，展出，展览

petō petere petīvī petītum 寻求，恳求，搜寻

premō premere pressī pressum 压，追求（-primō也作构词成分，如下opremō）

opprimō -primere -pressī -pressum 胜过，（力量）盖过，镇压，抑制

vertō vertere vertī versum 转，改变。（同样地有：āvertō 离开；revertō 回来）