第三课 第二种变格：阳性名词与形容词；同位语；词序

Chapter 3 Second Declension: Masculine Nouns and Adjectives; Apposition; Word Order

第二种变格也不难，包括大部分（不是全部哦）-us结尾的阳性名词和-um结尾的中性名词。只要看到词典里给出的名词是：

词根+us，-ī的形式，就知道是阳性的第二种变格名词。个别词的主格以-er结尾而非-us。

词根+um，-ī的，就是中性的第二种变格名词。

在这一章中只介绍了阳性名词与形容词，中性在下一课。

书上19页还提醒说，仅仅在阳性第二变格名词和形容词的单数情况下，呼格vocative要改为-e，其余情况都维持原型。

同位语Apposition和英语一样，同性同数同格。

词序：主语+主语修饰语+间接宾语+直接宾语+副词结构+动词

单词表（仅有简单中译，背诵请看原书）：

ager, agrī, m 田地,农田

agricola, -ae m 农民(注意!此为少数-a结尾的阳性词之一)

amīca, -ae, f 朋友（女性）

femina, -ae f 女人

fīlia, -ae f 女儿

fīlius, fīliī, m 儿子

numerus -ī m 数字

populus, -ī m 人民，民族，国家

puer, puerī m 男孩

sapientia, -ae f 智慧

vir, virī m 男人，英雄

avārus -a um 贪婪的

paucī -ae -ī （通常复数）少数的

Rōmānus -a -um 罗马的

dē 介词+夺格abl 从……，来自……；关于……；

in介词+夺格abl 在……里，在……上

hodiē 副词，今天

semper 副词，总是

habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum 有，保有，占有，认为

satiō (1) 满足（所有第一种变位的规则动词将不再写出其他三个形式，而是以数字(1)表示）

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Filium nautae Rōmānī in agrīs vidēmus.

We see the son of a Roman sailor on the farm.我们看到一个罗马水手的儿子在田野里。

2. Puerī puellās hodiē vocant.

The boys are calling the girls today. 今天男孩们在招呼女孩们。

3. Sapientiam amīcārum, fīlia mea, semper laudat.

My daughter always praises her friends’ wisdom. 我的女儿总是表扬她朋友们的智慧。（朋友们的智慧宾语提前了）

4. Multī virī et fēminae philosophiam antīquam cōnservant.

Many men and women preserve the ancient philosophy.很多男人和女人保留了古代哲学。

5. Sī īra valet, O mī fīlī, saepe errāmus et poenās damus.

If anger is strong, O my son, we often err and pay the penalty.如果怒气很盛，哦我的儿，我们常常会犯错并受到惩罚

6. Fortūna virōs magnōs amat.

Fortune loves great men.幸运钟情于伟人。

7. Agricola fīliābus pecūniam dat.

The farmer gives his daughters money. 农夫给他的女儿们钱。

8. Without a few friends life is not strong. 没有一些朋友们，生命就不坚强。

Sine paucis amicis vita non valet.

9. Today you have much fame in your country.

Multam famam in patria tua hodie habes.

10. We see great fortune in your daughters’ lives, my friend.

Videmus, mi amice, magnam fortunam in filiarum tuarum vitis.

11. He always gives my daughters and sons roses.

Filiis et filiabus meis rosas semper dat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Dēbētis, amīcī, dē populō Rōmānō cōgitāre. (Cicero)

Friends, you must think of the Roman people.

2. Maecēnās, amīcus Augustī, mē in numerō amīcōrum habet. (Horace. --Maecēnās, 一名字，主格单数；Augustus, -ī)

Maecenas, a friend of Augustus, has me in his number of friends.

3. Libellus meus et sententiae meae vītās virōrum moment. (Phaedrus. --libellus, -ī, 小书，小册子)

My little book and opinions advise men’s lives.

4. Paucī virī sapientiae student. (Cicero. --studēre+与格dat，积极寻求)

Few men are eager for wisdom.

5. Fortūna adversa virum magnae sapientiae nōn terret. (Horace. -- adversus, -a, -um不幸的)

Adverse fortune does not frighten a man of great wisdom.

6. Cimōn, vir magnae fāmae, magnam benevolentiam habet. (Nepos. --Cimōn，某人名，主格单数；--benevolentia, -ae 仁慈，善行)

Cimon, a man of great fame, possesses great benevolence.

7. Semper avārus eget. (*Horace. --avārus=avārus vir. --egēre, 缺乏，处于缺乏的状态中)

A greedy man is always in need.

8. Nūlla cōpia pecūniae avārum virum satiat. (Seneca. --cōpia, -ae, 大量，充裕)

No abundance of money satisfies a greedy man.

9. Pecūnia avārum irrītat, nōn satiat. (Publilius Syrus. --irrītāre, 使……兴奋，激怒，激起)

Money excites, not satisfies a greedy man.

10. Sēcrētē amīcōs admonē; laudā palam. (*Publilius Syrus. -- sēcrētē, 副词，秘密地。--admonē=monē. --palam, 副词，公开地。)

Advise your friends in secret; praise them openly.

11. Modum tenēre dēbēmus. (*Seneca. --modus, -ī 适度。--tenēre，保有，保持，观察)

We ought to keep moderation.

THE GRASS IS ALWAYS GREENER

Agricola et vītam et fortūnam nautae saepe laudat; nauta magnam fortūnam et vītam poētae saepe laudat; et poēta vītam et agrōs agricolae laudat. Sine philosophiā avārī virī dē pecūniā semper cōgitant: multam pecūniam habent, sed pecūnia multa virum avārum nōn satiat. (Horace, Sermōnēs 1.1; 散文改写版)

The farmer often praises both the life and fortune of the sailor; the sailor often praises the great fortune and life of the poet; the poet praises both the life and fields of the farmer. Without philosophy, greedy men are always thinking about money: they have much money, but much money does not satisfy a greedy man.

随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin

需要书的学友请至http://www.magic-e.org/latin/textbook.htm 下载。

第二课名词与位格；第一种变格；形容词的一致；句法Nouns and Cases; First Declension; Agreement of Adjectives; Syntax

名词常用格有五个。除此之外还有呼格vocative, 地格locative等。

一部分单词（-a结尾）采用第一种方式变格。变格的词尾一定要熟记。

形容词必须与所修饰的名词保持性数格的一致，然而不一定词尾形式相同。

单词表：(凡给出阴阳中性标志f/m/n的为名词；给出阴阳中性词尾-us -a -um的为形容词，不再用中文标示。)

fāma, fāmae, f 传闻，报告；名声，名气

fōrma, fōrmae, f 形式，形状；美态

fortūna, fortūnae, f 运气，好运

īra, īrae, f 怒气，生气

nauta, nautae, m 水手

patria, patriae f 祖国，本国，（某人自己的）国家

pecūnia, -ae f 金钱

philosophia, -ae f 哲学

poena, -ae f 惩罚，罚款；poenās dare，受到惩罚

poēta, -ae f 诗人

porta, -ae f 大门，入口

puella, -ae f 女孩

rosa, -ae f 玫瑰

sententia, -ae, f 感觉，思想，观点，投票，句子

vita, -ae f 生命，生活方式

antīquus, -a -um 古老的，陈旧的

magnus -a -um 大的，重大的，重要的

meus -a -um 我的

multus -a -um 许多

tuus -a -um 你的

et 连词 和

sed 连词 但是

O 语气词 哦！

sine 介词 没有

est 是（此是动词现在时第三人称单数。原型及其它变位见下一课）

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Salvē, O patria! (Plautus.)

Hello, O fatherland!

2. Fāma et sententia volant. (Virgil. -- volāre 动词 飞，迅速移动)

Rumor and opinion fly.

3. Dā veniam puellae, amābō tē. (Terence. -- venia, -ae 宽恕，好感)

Give the girl a pardon, please.

4. Clēmentia tua multās vītās servat. (Cicero. -- clēmentia, -ae, 仁慈)

Your clemency saves many lives.

5. Multam pecūniam dēportat. (Cicero. -- dēportāre, 带走)

He carries away much money.

6. Fortūnam et vītam antīquae patriae saepe laudās sed recūsās. (Horace. -- recūsāre 拒绝)

You often praise but reject the fortune and life of the old country.

7. Mē vītāre turbam iubēs. (*Seneca. -- vītāre 避免。-- turba, -ae 人群 --iubēre 命令)

You order me to avoid the crowd.

8. Mē philosophiae dō. (Seneca)

I give myself to philosophy.

9. Philosophia est ars vītae. (*Cicero. --ars 艺术)

Philosophy is the art of life.

10. Sānam fōrmam vītae cōnservāte. (Seneca. --sāna 形容词 健全，理智.)

Preserve the sound beauty of life. （这句话是命令式，动词-te，因此是对“你们”说的）

11. Immodica īra creat īnsāniam. (Seneca. -- immodica, -ae 形容词 不适中的，过多的)

Immoderate anger creates insanity.

12. Quid cōgitās? --dēbēmus īram vītāre. (Seneca.)

What are you thinking? – we must avoid anger.

13. Nūlla avāritia sine poenā est. (*Seneca. --nūlla, -ae 形容词 无。--avāritia, -ae 贪婪)

There is no avarice without punishment.

14. Mē saevīs catēnīs onerat. (Horace. -- saeva, -ae 形容词 残酷。--catēna, -ae 锁链。--onerāre 负荷，压抑)

It oppresses me with cruel chains.（有时主语不明确，仅从动词判断出为第三人称单数，那很有可能是抽象的”it”）

15. Rotam fortūnae nōn timent. (Cicero --rota, -ae 车轮 --timēre 恐惧，害怕)

They do not fear the wheel of fortune.

16. The girls save the poet’s life.

Puellae vitam poetae servant.

17. Without philosophy we often go astray and pay the penalty.

Sine philosophia saepe erramus et poenas damus. (to pay the penalty受到惩罚，在拉丁文中固定表达为poenas dare)

18. If your land is strong, nothing terrifies the sailors and you ought to praise your great fortune.

Si valet tua patria, nihil nautas terret et debes magnam fortunam tuam laudare. （翻译时注意将动词放在最后，et两侧结构对称。）

19. We often see the penalty of anger.

Saepe poenam irae videmus.

20. The ancient gate is large.

Porta antiqua est magna.

CATULLUS BIDS HIS GIRLFRIEND FAREWELL

Puella mea mē nōn amat. Valē, puella! Catullus obdūrat: poēta puellam nōn amat, fōrmam puellae nōn laudat, puellae rosās nōn dat, et puellam nōn bāsiat! Ira mea est magna! Obdūrō, mea puella -- sed sine tē nōn valeō.

(Catullus 8; 散文改写版。obdūrāre 坚定；bāsiāre 接吻；tē 你)

My girl does not love me. Good-bye, girl! Catullus is firm: the poet does not love the girl, he does not praise the girl's beauty, he does not give the girl roses, and he does not kiss the girl! My anger is great! I am firm, my girl – but without you I am not well. （这段文章很有意思。一开始摆出很傲慢的样子，以“他”自称，最后才忍不住说出真心话——没有你，我一点也不好-_-||）