PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. “Quisque,” inquit, “semper putat suās rēs esse magnās.”

“Each one,” he said, “always thinks that his own affairs are great.”

2. Posteā audīvimus servōs dōnōrum causā labōrāvisse, ut mīlitēs fidēlēs herī narrāverant.

Afterwards, we heard that the slaves had worked for the sake of gifts, just as the loyal soldiers had reported yesterday.

3. Vīcīnī nostrī vim ignis magnā virtūte dēhinc āvertērunt, quod laudem atque dōna cupīvērunt.

Our neighbors then averted the fire’s power with great courage, because they desired praise and also gifts.

4. Hoc signum perīculī tōtam gentem nostram tanget, nisi hostem ex urbe excipere ac ab Italiā pellere poterimus.

This symbol of danger will touch our entire nation, unless we are able to drive the enemy out of the city and away from Italy.

5. Duce ferōcī Carthāginis expulsō, spēs fidēsque virōrum magnanimōrum rem pūblicam continēbunt.

With Carthage’s savage leader expelled, the hopes and faith of magnanimous men will hold together the fatherland.

6. Cūr iūcundus Horātius culpās hūmānās in saturīs semper ostendēbat atque rīdēbat?

Why did the pleasant Horace use to always show and mock human faults in satires?

7. Crēdimus fidem antīquam omnibus gentibus iterum alendam esse.

We believe the ancient faith should again be supported by all the tribes.

8. Dux, ad senātum missus imperium accēpit et imperātor factus est.

The general, sent to the senate, accepted imperium and was made emperor.

9. Rēs pūblica, ut āit, libellīs huius modī tollī potest.

The republic, as he says, can be destroyed by little books of this manner.

10. Aliquī negant hostēs victōs servitūte umquam opprimendōs esse.

Some deny that conquered enemies should ever be oppressed by slavery.

11. Crēdunt magistram sapientem vēritātem patefactūram esse.

They believe that the wise teacher is about to expose the truth.

12. Quisquis vēritātem recipiet bene ēducābitur.

Whoever will accept the truth will be well educated.

13. We thought that your sisters were writing the letter.

Cogitavimus tuas sorores scribere illas litteras.

14. They will show that the letter was written by the brave slavegirl.

Litteras scriptas esse a serva forti ostendent.

15. He said that the letter had never been written.

Dixit litteras numquam esse scriptas.

16. We hope that the judge’s wife will write those two letters tomorrow.

Speramus uxorem iudicis scripturam cras esse duas litteras illas.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Id factum esse tum nōn negāvit. (Terence.)

He did not then deny that it had been done.

2. Hīs rēbus prōnūntiātīs, igitur, eum esse hostem scīvistī. (Cicero.)

With these things announced, you knew that he was an enemy.

3. Eum ab hostibus exspectārī nunc sentīs. (Cicero.)

Now you understand that he is awaited by the enemy.

4. Vīdī eōs in urbe remānsisse et nōbīscum esse. (Cicero.)

I saw that they had remained in the city and were with us.

5. Itaque aeternum bellum cum malīs cīvibus ā mē susceptum esse cernō. (Cicero.)

And so I perceive that an eternal war with evil citizens will be undertaken by me.

6. Idem crēdō tibi faciendum esse. (Cicero.)

I believe the same thing must be done by you.

7. Tē enim esse fidēlem mihi sciēbam. (Terence.)

I used to know that you were truly loyal to me.

8. Hostibus sē in cīvitātem vertentibus, senātus Cincinnātō nūntiāvit eum factum esse dictātōrem. (Cicero. --Cincinnātus, -ī. --dictātor, -tōris.)

With the enemy turning itself into a state, the senate announced to Cincinnatus that he had been made a dictator.

9. Dīcō tē, Pyrrhe, Rōmānōs posse vincere. (Ennius. --Pyrrhus, -ī.)

I say that you, Pyrrhus, can conquer the Romans.

10. Dīc, hospes, Spartae tē nōs hīc iacentēs vīdisse, patriae fidēlēs. (Cicero; epigram on the Spartans who died at Thermopylae. --hospes, -pitis, m., stranger. --Spartae, to Sparta.)

Stranger, tell Sparta that you saw us lying here, loyal to the fatherland.

11. Sōcratēs putābat sē esse cīvem tōtīus mundī. (Cicero.)

Socrates thought himself to be a citizen of the entire world.

12. Illī magistrī negant quamquam virum esse bonum nisi sapientem. (Cicero. --quisquam, quidquam, anyone, anything; any.)

Those teachers say that no one can be good unless he is wise.

13. Negāvī, autem, mortem timendam esse. (Cicero.)

I say, however, that death is not to be feared.

14. Crēdō deōs immortālēs sparsisse spīritūs in corpora hūmāna. (Cicero. --spartō, -ere, psarsī, sparsum, to scatter, sow.)

I believe that the immortal gods sowed spirits into human bodies.

15. Adulēscēns spērat sē diū vīctūrum esse; senex potest dīcere sē diū vīxisse. (Cicero. --Do not confuse vīctūrum, from vīvō, with victūrum, from vincō).

A youth hopes that he will live long; an old man can say that he has lived long.

16. Āiunt enim multum legendum esse, nōn multa. (*Pliny.)

Indeed, they say that much is to be ready, not many.

THE DEATH OF LAOCOON... AND TROY

Hīc alius magnus timor (Ō fābula misera!) animōs caecōs nostrōs terret. Lāocoōn, sacerdōs Neptūnī fortūnā factus, ācrem taurum ad āram in lītore mactābat. Tum geminī serpentēs potentēs, mare prementēs, ab īnsulā ad lītorā currunt. Iamque agrōs tenēbant et, oculīs igne ardentibus, ōra linguīs sībilīs lambēbant.

(Virgil, Aeneid 2.199-249; prose adaptation. --Lāocoōn, -ontis, m. --Neptūnus, god of the sea, took the side of the Greeks in the Trojan war. --taurus, -ī bull. --āra, -ae, altar. --mactāre, to sacrifice, sacrificially slaughter. -- serpēns, -pentis, m. --ardēre, to blaze. --sībilus, -a, -um, hissing. -- lambō, -ere, to lick.

premō premere pressī pressus tr to press, squeeze; to lie down on (the ground); (of things) to be on top of, rest on; to bury (in the ground) to trample on; to get on top of,

ōs ōris n mouth; beak; voice, speech; expression; lip, face, countenance, look

Here another great fear (O wretched tale!) terrifies our blind souls. Laocoon, made priest of Neptune by fortune, was sacrificing a fierce bull to the altar on the shore. Then, mighty twin serpents, pressing on the sea, run from the island to the shores. And now they were holding the fields and, eyes blazing with fire, were licking their mouths with hissing tongues.

Nōs omnēs fugimus; illī viā certā Lāocoonta filiōsque eius petunt. Prīmum parva corpora duōrum puerōrum capiunt et lacerant necantque dēvōrantque. Tum patrem fortem, ad fīliōs miserōs currentem, rapiunt et magnīs spīrīs tenent et superant.

--Lāocoonta, Gk, acc. --prīmum, adv. of prīmus. -- lacerāre, to tear to pieces, mangle. --dēvōrāre, to devour. --spīra, -ae, coil.

necō (1) tr to kill, murder

rapiō -ere -uī -tus tr to seize and carry off; to snatch, tear, pluck; to drag off; to hurry, drive, cause to rush; to carry off by force, ravish

We all flee; they [the serpents] make for Laocoon and his sons by a determined way. First, they seize the two boys' small bodies and mangle and kill and devour them. Then they snatch the brave father, running to his poor sons, and hold him in their great coils and overpower him.

Nec sē ā vulneribus dēfendere nec fugere potest, et ipse, ut taurus saucius ad āram, clāmōrēs horrendōs ad caelum tollit. Eōdem tempore serpentēs fugiunt, petuntque perfugium in arce Minervae ācris.

--saucius, -a, -um, wounded. -- clāmor, -mōris, shout, scream. --horrendus, -a, -um.)

tollō tollere sustulī sublātus tr to lift, raise; to raise (the voice); to draw (lots);

arx arcis f citadel; fortress, stronghold; place of refuge; hilltop, peak; (fig) mainstay, protection; summit, pinnacle; arcem facere e cloaca (prov) to make mountains out of molehills; arx caeli height of heaven; arx corporis head; Romae septem arces seven hills of Rome

Neither can he defend himself from wounds nor flee, and he himself, as the wounded bull to the altar, raised horrendous screams to the sky. At the same time, the serpents hurry away, and seek refuge in the citadel of cruel Minerva.

Quod Lāocoōn in equum Minervae hastam iēcerat, nōs putāvimus eum errāvisse et poenās dedisse; vēritātem acerbam nescīvimus. Portās patefacimus et admittimus istum equum in urbem; atque puerī puellaeque -- Ō patria, Ō dī magnī, Ō Trōia! -- eum tangere gaudent. Et quoque gaudēmus nōs miserī, quibus ille diēs fuit ultimus ac quibus numquam erit ūllum sōlācium.

Because Laocoon had thrown a spear into Minerva's horse, we thought that he had erred and paid the penalty; we did not know the bitter truth. We open the gates and let that horse into the city; and even the boys and girls – O fatherland, O great gods, O Troy! – rejoice to touch it. And we [who are] wretched also rejoice, to whom that day was the last and to whom there will never be any comfort. 

第二十四课 独立夺格结构（Ablative Absolute）；被动外加结构（Passive Periphrastic =gerundive+sum）；与格引进施动者（Dative of Agent）

分词的特殊用法：

1，独立夺格结构Ablative Absolute

类似于英语的独立主格结构，由一个独立的名词和一个分词构成，两者均为夺格（Abl.），与主句之间常常有逗号。描述主句发生的背景情况。

书上的例子：Rōmā vīsā, virī gaudēbant.

Rōmā是夺格名词，vīsā是夺格分词，被动完成时。合起来就是：罗马已经被看到（Rome having been seen）。夺格是一个自足的整体，其中的任何词都不构成主句的成分。这与之前讲（第二十三课）的分词修饰成分很不一样。书也给出了对照的例子：

Rōmam videntēs, virī gaudēbant.

在这句话里，videntēs是现在时主动分词，而Rōmam是一个宾语。因此videntēs的主语是后面的virī，也就是说，该分词成分（带宾语Rōmam）是修饰主语的。因此就不是独立主格结构。句子翻译成：（当他们）看到罗马，人们很高兴。（Seeing Rome, ...）

独立主格结构直译比较生硬，英译可翻成从句，用例如when, since, although等引导。

词序：

独立夺格结构的次序通常是名词在前，分词在后。若有其它成分则放在名词——分词之间。

有时候两个夺格名词，或者一个夺格名词加一个夺格形容词，也可以构成独立夺格结构。在这种情况下其实省略了sum的现在时分词（在古典拉丁文中无此形式）。例如：

Caesare duce, nihil timēbimus. (凯撒为首领，我们将无畏。)

Caesare incertō, bellum timēbāmus.（凯撒犹豫不决，我们害怕战争。）

2，Gerundive+sum

由被动将来分词gerundive+系动词esse构成，表达的意思不是一般的将来时，而是一种必需、责任或者理应的行为。常常被翻译成”…has to be”, “…had to be”, “will have to be”; “should”, “ought”, “must”.

例句：haec fēmina laudanda est. （这个女人应该被表扬。）

id faciendum est.（这应该被做。）

hic liber cum cūrā legendus erit.（这本书应该被认真阅读。）

可以看出，分词的性数格与sum的主语保持一致。

3，The Dative of Agent（与格引进施动者）

在上述Gerundive+sum的结构中，施动者不是由夺格而是由与格表示的。翻译时建议改成主动态。

Hic liber mihi cum cūrā legendus erit. （这本书应该被我们认真阅读。即：我们应该认真读这本书。）

Illa fēmina omnibus laudanda est. （那位女性应该被所有人称赞。即：所有人都应该称赞那位女性。）

Pāx ducibus nostrīs petenda erat.（和平应该被我们的领袖们所寻求。即：我们领袖们应该寻求和平。）

单词表：

Carthāgō Carthāginis f 迦太基（北非城市）

fābula -ae f 故事，寓言；

imperātor imperātōris m 统领，将军，皇帝

imperium -iī n 权威，绝对权力，命令，控制

perfugium -iī n 避难所

servus -ī m serva -ae f 奴隶，仆人

sōlācium -iī n 安慰，抚慰

vulnus vulneris n 伤口，受伤

re- 或 red- 前缀，表示又，再

ut 连词+直陈式。当……，正当……

posteā adv 之后

accipiō -cipere -cēpī -ceptum 得到，拿到，抓住，攫取

excipiō -cipere -cēpī -ceptum 拿回，重新得到，承认，收到

pellō pellere pepulī pulsum 推，赶走，禁止

expellō -pellere -pulī -pulsum 赶走，流放，禁止

narrō (1) 告诉，报告，讲述

quaerō quaerere quaesīvī quaesītum 寻求，寻找，努力寻找，询问

rīdeō rīdēre rīsī rīsum 笑，嘲笑

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Igne vīsō, omnēs virī et uxōrēs territae sunt et ultrā urbem ad lītus īnsulae navigāvērunt, ubi perfugium inventum est.

With the fire having been seen, all the men and their wives were terrified and they sailed beyond the city to the island’s shore, where shelter was found.

2. Populō metū oppressō, iste imperātor nōbīs ex urbe pellendus est.

With the people suppressed by fear, that emperor must be driven out of the city by us.

3. Ōrātor, signō ā sacerdōte datō, eō diē revēnit et nunc tōtus populus Latīnus gaudet.

With the sign given by the priest, the orator came back on that day and now the entire Latin nation rejoices.

4. Gēns Rōmāna versūs illīus scrīptōris magnā laude quondam recēpit.

The Roman people formerly received that writer’s verses with great praise.

5. Laudēs atque dōna huius modī ab ōrātōribus dēsīderābantur.

Praises and gifts of this type used to be desired by orators.

6. Imperiō acceptō, dux magnanimus fidem suam reī pūblicae ostendit.

With imperium taken, the magnanimous leader is showing his fidelity to the republic.

7. Aliquis eōs quīnque equōs ex igne ēripī posteā iusserat.

Someone had ordered the five horses to be rescued from the fire afterwards.

8. Cernisne omnia quae tibi scienda sunt?

Do you see all the things which should be known by you?

9. Ille, ab arce urbis reveniēns, ab istīs hominibus premī coepit.

That man, returning from the city’s citadel, began to be pursued by those men.

10. Cupiō tangere manum illīus mīlitis quī metū caruit atque gravia scelera contrā rem pūblicam oppressit.

I wish to touch that soldier’s hand who was without fear and also suppressed serious crimes against the republic.

11. Iste dux prōtinus expulsus est, ut imperium excipiēbat.

That leader was immediately expelled just as he was taking control.

12. Illae servae, autem, perfugium sōlāciumque ab amīcīs quaerēbant.

However, those slaves were seeking refuge and relief from their friends.

13. Cornū audītō, ille mīles, incertus cōnsiliī, cōpiās ad mediam īnsulam vertit.

After the horn was heard, that soldier, unsure of the plan, turned the troops to the middle of the island.

14. When the common danger had been averted, two of our sons and all our daughters came back from Asia.

Periculo communi averso, duo ex filiis omnesque filiae nostrae ab Asia revenerunt.

15. Our hopes must not be destroyed by those three evil men.

Illis tribus malis nostrae spes non delendae sunt.

16. Since the people of all nations are seeking peace, all leaders must conquer the passion for (=of) power. (Use an ablative absolute and a passive periphrastic.)

Populis omnium patriarum pacem quarentibus, omnes duces cupiditatem imperii vincere debent.

17. The leader, having been driven out by both the free men and the slaves, could not regain his command.

Expulsus a liberis et servis dux imperium recipere non poterat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Carthāgō dēlenda est. (Cato.)

Carthage is to be destroyed.

2. Asiā victā, dux Rōmānus fēlīx multōs servōs in Italiam mīsit. (Pliny the Elder.)

With Asia conquered, the fortunate Roman general sent many slaves into Italy.

3. Omnibus ferrō mīlitis perterritīs, quisque sē servāre cupiēbat. (Caesar.)

With everyone thoroughly terrified by the soldier’s sword, each wished to save himself.

4. Quidquid dīcendum est, līberē dīcam. (Cicero. --līberē, adv of līber.)

Whatever must be said, I shall freely say it.

5. Haec omnia vulnera bellī tibi nunc sānanda sunt. (Cicero. --sānāre, to heal.)

All these wounds of war must now be healed by you.

6. Nec tumultum nec hastam mīlitis nec mortem violentam timēbō. Augustō terrās tenente. (Horace. --tumultus -ūs, disturbance, civil war. --violentus, -a, -um. --Augustus, -ī)

I shall fear neither civil war nor a soldier’s spear nor a violent death, with Augustus holding the nation.

7. Tarquiniō expulsō, nōmen rēgis audīre nōn poterat populus Rōmānus. (Cicero.)

After Tarquinius was driven out, the Roman people could not hear the name of a king.

8. Ad ūtilitātem vītae omnia cōnsilia factaque nōbīs regenda sunt. (Tacitus. --ūtilitās, -tātis, benefit, advantage.)

All decisions and deeds are to be directed by us toward the advantage of life.

DĒ CUPIDITĀTE

Homō stultus, “Ō cīvēs, cīvēs,” inquit, “pecūnia ante omnia quaerenda est; virtūs et probitās post pecūniam.”

Pecūniae autem cupiditās fugienda est. Fugienda etiam est cupiditās glōriae; ēripit enim lībertātem. Neque imperia semper petenda sunt neque semper accipienda sunt.

(Adapted from Horace, Epistulae 1.1.53, and Cicero, Dē Officiīs 1.20.68.)

The foolish man says, "O citizens, citizens, money before all things is to be sought; virtue and probity after money."

However, the longing for money should be shunned. Also to be fled is the longing for glory; for it will snatch away freedom. Neither should power always be sought nor always be accepted.

Herculēs, in caelum propter virtūtem receptus, deōs salūtāvit; sed Plūtō veniente, quī est fīlius Fortūnae, Herculēs oculōs āvertit. Tum, causā quaesītā. “Iste,” inquit, “spernendus est quod lucrī causā omnia corrumpit.”

(Phaedrus, Fābulae 4.12. --Herculēs, -culis. --salūtāre, to greet. --Plūtus, -ī god of wealth. --spernō, -ere, to scorn. --lucrum, -ī, gain, profit. --corrumpō, -ere.)

Hercules, received into the sky because of virtue, greeted the gods; but with Plutus, who is the son of Fortune, coming, Hercules averted his eyes. Then, a reason having been asked (of him), he said "That man should be scorned because he corrupts all things for the sake of profit."

THE SATIRIST'S MODUS OPERANDI

Rīdēns saturās meās percurram, et cūr nōn? Quid vetat mē rīdentem dīcere vērum, ut puerīs ēducandīs saepe dant crūstula magistrī? Quaerō rēs gravēs iūcundō lūdō et, nōminibus fictīs, dē multīs culpīs vitiīsque narrō. Sed quid rīdēs? Mūtātō nōmine, dē tē fābula narrātur!

(Horace, Sermōnēs 1.1.23-27, 69-70; prose adaptation. --per+currō. --vetāre, to forbid. --puerīs..magistrī, the order of the nouns is varied for effect: indirect obj., subject. --crūstulum, -ī, cookie, pastry. --fingō, -ere, fīnxī, fictum, to form, invent, make up.)

Laughing, I shall run through my satires, and why not? What forbids me to speak the truth laughing, as teachers often give cookies to the boys to be taught. I ask serious things by jocund play and, by made up names, I tell of many faults and vices. But why are you laughing? With a name changed, a story is told about you!