随我自学/复习Wheelock Latin

需要书的学友请至http://www.magic-e.org/latin/textbook.htm 下载。

 

第六课 Sum的直陈将来时和未完成时；Possum的直陈现在时、将来时和未完成时；补充不定式

Sum: Future and Imperfect Indicative; Possum: Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative; Complementary Infinitive

 

这课内容只有一页。关键是掌握sum的将来时和未完成时。sum的现在时已经在第四课学过。结合sum的这三个重要形式，我们很容易就能掌握possum（to be able to, can）的这三个相应形式。

 

详细请看P37-38

 

和英文can/ to be able一样，possum后也要接动词不定式来使意义完整。

 

单词表：

dea -ae f (注意：复数与格dat 和夺格abl不规则，为deābus) 女神，deus -ī m （注意：单数呼格voc为deus，复数主格dī，复数与格dat 和夺格abl为dīs），（复数deī 和 deīs在奥古斯丁时代成为常见形式），神，上帝

discipula -ae f 和 discipulus -ī m 学习的人，小学生，学生

īnsidiae -arum f pl 陷阱，计谋，背叛

liber librī m 书

tyrannus -ī m 独裁者

vitium -iī n 过错，罪，恶行

Graecus -a -um 希腊的；Graecus -ī m 希腊人

perpetuus -a -um 永久的，持续的，不被打断的，延续的

plenus -a -um 丰富的，大方的

salvus -a -um 安全的，健康的

secundus -a -um 第二位的，讨人喜欢的

vester vestra vestrum 你们的

-que 附属连词 和。加在第二个单词后，将之和前一个单词相连，如：fāma glōriaque 名声和荣耀

sed 连词 但是

ubi (1)关系副词和连词，那儿，那时；（2）疑问副词和连词。哪儿？

ibi 副词 那儿

nunc 副词，现在，目前

quārē 副词 由于……的缘故（quā rē），因此，为什么……的理由

possum posse potuī 能够，可以，有能力

tolerō (1) 忍受，忍耐

 

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Oculī nostrī nōn valēbant; quārē agrōs bellōs vidēre nōn poterāmus.

Our eyes were not strong; by which reason we were not able to see the pretty fields.

2. Sine multā pecūniā et multīs dōnīs tyrannus satiāre populum Rōmānum nōn poterit.

Without much money and many gifts, the tyrant will not be able to satisfy the Roman people.

3. Nōn poterant, igitur, tē dē poenā amīcōrum tuōrum herī monēre.

Therefore, they could not warn you about your friends’ punishment yesterday.

4. Parvus numerus Graecōrum crās ibi remanēre poterit.

A small number of the Greeks will be able to stay there tomorrow.

5. Magister puerōs malōs sine morā vocābit.

The teacher will call the bad children without delay.

6. Fīliae vestrae dē librīs magnī poētae saepe cōgitābant.

Your daughters use to think often about the great poet’s books.

7. Quandō satis sapientiae habēbimus?

When shall we have enough wisdom?

8. Multī librī antīquī propter sapientiam cōnsiliumque erant magnī.

Many ancient books were great because of wisdom and advice.

9. Glōria bonōrum librōrum semper manēbit.

The glory of good books will always remain.

10. Possuntne pecūnia ōtiumque cūrās vītae hūmānae superāre?

Can money and leisure overcome the concerns of human life?

11. Therefore, we cannot always see the real vices of a tyrant.

Vera igitur vitia tyranni non semper possumus videre.

12. Few free men will be able to tolerate an absolute ruler.

Pauci liberi tyrannum tolerare poterunt.

13. Many Romans used to praise the great books of the ancient Greeks.

Multi Romani magnos Graecorum antiquorum libros laudabant.

14. Where can glory and (use -que) fame be perpetual?

Ubi possunt gloria famaque esse perpetuae?

 

 

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Dionysius tum erat tyrannus Syracūsānōrum. (Cicero.-- Dionysius -iī 希腊人名。-- Syrācūsānus -ī a syracusan.)

Dionysius was, at that time, the tyrant of the Syracusans.

2. Optāsne meam vītam fortūnamque gustāre? (Cicero. -- optāre 希望。-- gustāre 品尝)

Do you wish to taste my life and fortune?

3. Possumusne, O dī, in malīs īnsidiīs et magnō exitiō esse salvī? (Cicero.)

Can we be safe, O gods, in wicked treachery and great destruction?

4. Propter cūram meam in perpetuō perīculō nōn eritis. (Cicero.)

Because of my attention, you will not be in continuous danger.

5. Propter vitia tua multī tē culpant et nihil tē in patriā tuā dēlectāre nunc potest. (Cicero. -- dēlectāre 使高兴)

Because of your vices, many blame you and nothing can delight you now in your country.

6. Fortūna Pūnicī bellī secundī varia erat. (Livy. -- Pūnicus -a -um 古迦太基的. -- varius -a -um 多样的)

The fortune of the second Punic war was varied.

7. Patria Rōmānōrum erat plēna Graecōrum librōrum statuārumque pulchrārum. (Cicero. -- statua -ae 雕像)

The fatherland of the Romans was full of Greek books and fine statues.

8. Sine dīs et deābus in caelō animus nōn potest sānus esse. (Seneca.)

Without the gods and goddesses in the sky, the spirit cannot be sound.

9. Sī animus īnfīrmus est, nōn poterit bonam fortūnam tolerāre. (Publilius Syrus. --īnfīrmus -a -um 不坚强，软弱)

If the spirit is weak, it will not be able to tolerate good fortune.

10. Ubi lēgēs valent, ibi populus līber potest valēre. (Publilius Syrus. --lēgēs 主格复数 法律)

Where the laws are strong, the free people there can be strong.

 

 

"I DO NOT LOVE THEE, DOCTOR FELL"

Nōn amo tē, Sabidī, nec possum dīcere quārē.

  Hoc tantum possum dīcere: nōn amo tē.

(*Martial 1.32; meter: elegiac couplet. amo: 在拉丁文诗歌中词尾-ō常常被缩为短音。--Sabidius -iī. --nec=et nōn. -- dīcere 说。-- hoc 这（宾格）。-- tantum 副词 仅仅)

I do not love you, Sabidius, and I cannot say why.

I can only say this: I do not love you.

 

THE HISTORIAN LIVY LAMENTS THE DECLINE OF ROMAN MORALS

Populus Rōmānus magnōs animōs et paucās culpās habēbat. Dē officiīs nostrīs cōgitābāmus et glōriam bellī semper laudābāmus. Sed nunc multum ōtium habēmus, et multī sunt avārī. Nec vitia nostra nec remedia tolerāre possumus.

(Livy, from the preface to his history of Rome. Ab Urbe Conditā; see Introd. -- nec…nec, 连词，不是……也不是……)

 

The Roman people used to have great courage and few faults. We used to think about our duties and we always used to praise the glory of war. But we now have much leisure, and many are greedy. We can neither tolerate our vices nor the remedies.

第四课 第二种变格中性词；形容词；Sum（是）的直陈现在时；名词与形容词作表语；形容词作名词 （Second Declension Neuters; Adjectives; Present Indicative of Sum; Predicate Nouns and Adjectives; Substantive Adjectives）

 

第四课内容也不难，但比较零碎，名动形都讲到了。

一点一点来看：

 

第二种变格中性

第二种变格上课已经学了，但是第二种变格不仅包括一部分阳性，还包括中性词。其词尾与阳性词基本一致，差别：

中性词单数：主格-um，宾格-um，呼格-um

中性词复数：主格-a，宾格-a，呼格-a

 

阳性词单数：主格-us（个别-er），宾格-um，呼格-e （主格为-er者保持-er不变）

阳性词复数：主格-ī，宾格-ōs，呼格-ī

 

形容词的变格：

形容词的变格和名词一致，只是所有形容词都有阴阳中三性。

magnus为代表的一类形容词词尾与已学过的第一二种变格名词一致。

 

个别形容词无单数，只有复数，如paucī, -ae, -a

 

sum的变位：

sum属于不规则变位，但使用很广，一定要记住：

latina                    English                  Deutsch

sum                      (I) am                   (ich) bin

es                         (You sg.) are        (du) bist

est                        (he/she/it) is          (er/sie sg./es) ist

sumus                   (we) are               (wir) sind

estis                      (you pl.) are         (ihr) seid

sunt                      (they) are             (sie pl.) sind

esse                      to be                    sein

 

sum的现在时不定式是：esse，相当于to be / sein

 

名词和形容词作表语

简单一句：sum连接的两部分都用主格，表语的性数格与主语一致。和英文德文一样。

注意：若主语由多个不同性的名词组成，应采用就近原则——表语与最近的主语一致，但也常常直接随阳性主格（到处一样，男性比较强势哈）。

 

形容词作名词

和“the old老的；the red红的”一样。

形容词是阳性的则指代男性/雄性；阴性则代女性/雌性。根据上下文决定。单数则为一个，复数则为多个。不再赘述。见书上例句。

 

单词表：

bāsium, -iī n 亲吻

bellum, -ī n 战争

cōnsilium, -iī n 计划，目标，忠告，建议，判断，智慧

cūra, -ae f 关心，注意，小心，焦虑

dōnum, -ī n 礼物

exitium, -iī n 破坏，毁灭

magister, magistrī, m 或 magistra, -ae f 老师（男/女），主人（男/女）

mora, -ae f 延迟

nihil 无变格n 无，没有任何事物

oculus, -ī n 眼睛

officium, -iī n 责任，服务

ōtium -iī n 闲暇，和平

perīculum -ī n 危险，冒险

remedium -iī n 治疗，补救

bellus -a -um 美丽的，英俊的，迷人的

bonus -a -um 好的，善良的

hūmānus -a -um 有人性的，人类的，善良的，有文化的，有教养的

malus -a -um 坏的，邪恶的

parvus -a -um 小的

stultus -a -um 愚蠢的；stultus -ī m 名词，蠢人

vērus -a -um 真实的，真正的，合适的

iuvō (或adiuvō) iuvāre iūvī iūtum 帮助，协助；取悦

sum esse fuī futūrum 是，存在

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. ōtium est bonum, sed ōtium multōrum est parvum.

Leisure is good, but the leisure of many people is little.

2. Bella sunt mala et multa perīcula habent.

Wars are bad and have many dangers.

3. Officium nautam dē ōtiō hodiē vocat.

Duty calls the sailor from leisure today.

4. Paucī virī avārī multās fōrmās perīculī in pecūniā vident.

Few greedy men see the many forms of danger in money.

5. Sī multam pecūniam habētis, saepe nōn estis sine cūrīs.

If you have much money, you are often not without anxiety.

6. Puellae magistram dē cōnsiliō malō sine morā moment.

The girls warn the teacher about the evil plan without delay.

7. O magne poēta, sumus vērī amīcī; mē iuvā, amābō tē!

O great poet, we are true friends; help me, please!

8. Fēmina agricolae portām videt.

The farmer’s wife sees the gate – or – The woman sees the farmer’s gate.

9. You (sg.) are in great danger.

In magno periculo es.

10. My son’s opinions are often foolish.

Sententiae mei filii saepe sunt stultae.

11. The daughters and sons of great men and women are not always great.

Filiae et filii virorum et feminarum magnarum non semper sunt magni.

12. Without wisdom the sailors’ good fortune is nothing and they are paying the penalty.

Sine consilio bona fortuna nautarum est nihil et poenas dant.

 

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Fortūna est caeca. (*Cicero. --caecus -a -um 盲目的)

Fortune is blind.

2. Sī perīcula sunt vēra, īnfortūnātus es. (Terence. --īnfortūnātus -a -um 不幸的)

If the danger is real, you are unfortunate.

3. Salvē, O amīce; vir bonus es. (Terence.)

Hello, O friend; you are a good man.

4. Nōn bella est fāma fīliī tuī. (Horace.)

Not good is your son’s reputation. =Your son’s reputation is not charming.

5. Errāre est hūmānum. (Seneca. --不定式可作主语，相当于一个无变格中性名词)

To err is human.

6. Nihil est omnīnō beātum. (Horace -- omnīnō, 副词，整个地，完全地. -- beātus -a -um 幸福的，幸运的)

Nothing is entirely blessed.

7. Remedium īrae est mora. (Seneca.)

The cure for anger is delay.

8. Bonus Daphnis, amīcus meus, ōtium et vītam agricolae amat. (Virgil.)

My friend, kind Daphnis, loves leisure and the farmer’s life.

9. Magistrī parvīs puerīs crūstula et dōna saepe dant. (Horace. -- crūstulum -ī 饼干)

Teachers often give cookies and gifts to small children.

10. Amīcam meam magis quam oculōs meōs amō. (Terence. --magis quam 多于……)

I love my friend more than my eyes.

11. Salvē, mea bella puella -- dā mihi multa bāsia, amābō tē! (Catullus. --mihi, 与格dat，对于我)

Hello, my pretty girl – give me many kisses, please!

12. Infīnītus est numerus stultōrum. (Ecclesiastes. --īnfīnītus -a -um 不可计数的)

The number of fools is infinite.

13. Officium mē vocat. (Persius)

Duty calls me.

14. Malī sunt in nostrō numerō et dē exitiō bonōrum virōrum cōgitant. Bonōs adiuvāte; cōnservāte populum Rōmānum. (Cicero. -- nostrō, 我们的)

Bad men are in our number and they are plotting about the destruction of good men. Help the good men; protect the Roman people.

 

THE RARITY OF FRIENDSHIP

Paucī virī vērōs amīcōs habent, et paucī sunt dignī. Amīcitia vēra est praeclāra, et omnia praeclāra sunt rāra. Multī virī stultī dē pecūniā semper cōgitant, paucī dē amīcīs; sed errant; possumus valēre sine multā pecūniā, sed sine amīcitiā nōn valēmus et vīta est nihil.

(Cicero. Dē Amīcitiā 21.79-80. --dignus -a -um 值得的 amīcitia -ae 友谊. --omnia 所有（东西）. -- praeclārus -a -um 极好的，非凡的. --rārus -a -um 稀少的. -- possumus （我们）能够)

Few men have true friends, and few are worthy. True friendship is remarkable, and all remarkable things are rare. Many foolish men are always thinking about money, few about friends; but they err: we can be well without much money, but without friendship we are not well and life is nothing.