单词表：

cēna -ae f 正餐

forum -ī n 古罗马城镇的广场（或市场）

lēx lēgis f 法律，条例，法令。（比较iūs 法律（强调正义、权力））

līmen līminis n 门槛，入口

lūx lūcis f 光

mēnsa -ae f 桌子，（一）餐，（一道）菜

nox noctis f 夜晚

somnus -ī m 睡眠

quīdam quaedam quiddam (作代词) 或 quoddam (作形容词) 不定代词和形容词；作为代词：某人，某物；作为形容词：某个，某些

pudīcus -a -um 谦虚的，贞洁的（比较：pudīcitia 谦虚、贞洁）

superbus -a -um 傲慢的，骄傲的，专横的（比较：superāre）

trīstis trīste 悲伤的；不高兴的，阴郁的，严厉的

turpis turpe 难看的，可耻的，卑鄙的，不名誉的

urbānus -a -um 城市的；文明的，文雅的

prae 介词+夺格abl 在……之前（praepōnere 前置，更喜欢，青睐；有时表强调，如：praeclārus -a -um 特别有名，非凡的。比较：praeter，见第四十课）

quam 副词、连词 在比较级后：比……；在最高级前：最大程度的/地……（比较：quam 怎样，见第十六课。另：莫与关系代词阴性单数宾格混淆。）

tantum 副词 仅仅

invītō (1) 娱乐，邀请，召唤

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Ille dux nescīvit sē imperium prōtinus susceptūrum esse.

That leader did not know that he was about to take up command immediately.

2. “quīdam,” inquit, “imperium quondam petēbant et līberōs virōs opprimere cupiēbant.”

“Some,” he said, “once used to seek power and wish to oppress free men.”

3. eōdem diē decem mīlia hostium ab duce fidēlissimō āversa ac pulsa sunt; multī mīlitēs vulnera recēperant et in agrīs iacēbant.

On the same day, ten thousand of the enemy were turned away and driven out by the most loyal leader; many soldiers had received wounds and were lying in the fields.

4. morte tyrannī ferōcis nūntiātā, quisque sē ad ōrātōrem potentissimum magnā spē vertit.

With the fierce tyrant’s death announced, each turned (himself) with great hope to the most capable orator.

5. rīdēns, scrīptor illīus fābulae sapiēns aliquid iūcundius dēhinc nārrāvit.

Laughing, the wise author of that story then told something rather pleasant.

6. Hīs rēbus audītīs, adulēscentēs geminī propter pecūniae cupiditātem studium litterārum relinquent.

With these things heard, the twin young men will abandon the study of literature because of the desire for money.

7. rēgīna fortissima Carthāginis posteā ostendit fidem semper esse sibi cāriōrem dīvitiīs.

The very brave queen of Carthage afterwards showed that her faith was always dearer to herself than riches.

8. Negāvit sē umquam vīdisse servam fidēliōrem quam hanc.

She said that she had never seen a slave more trustworthy than this one.

9. iūcundior modus vītae hominibus nunc quaerendus est.

A more pleasant way of life must now be sought by men.

10. crēdimus illōs vīgintī līberōs virōs fēmināsque vītam quam iūcundissimam agere.

We believe that those twenty free men and women lead as pleasant a life as possible.

11. imperātor centum mīlitēs fortissimōs prae sē herī mīsit.

The emperor sent a hundred very strong soldiers before himself yesterday.

12. lūx in illā casā nōn fuit clārissima, quod familia paucās fenestrās patefēcerat.

The light in that house was not very bright, because the family had opened few windows.

13. amīcōs trīstēs excēpit, ad mēnsam invītāvit, et eīs perfugium ac sōlācium hīc dedit.

He took his sad friends, invited them to the table, and gave them refuge and solace here.

14. What is sweeter than a very pleasant life?

Quid dulcior vita iucundissima est?

15. Certain men, however, say that death is sweeter than life.

Quidam autem dicunt mortem esse dulciorem quam vitam.

16. When these three very sure signs had been reported, we sought advice and comfort from the most powerful leader.

Ubi haec tria signa certissima nuntiata erant, a potentissimo duce consilium solaciumque petivimus.

17. In that story the author says that all men seek as happy lives as possible.

Hac in fabula auctor narrat omnes quam beatissimas petere vitas.

18. This light is always brighter than the other.

Haec lux semper est clarior altera.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Senectūs est loquācior. (Cicero. --loquāx, gen loquācis, garrulous.)

Old age is quite talkative.

2. Tua cōnsilia omnia nōbis clāriōra sunt quam lūx. (Cicero.)

All your plans are clearer to us than light.

3. Quaedam remedia graviōra sunt quam ipsa perīcula. (Seneca.)

Some cures are graver than the dangers themselves.

4. Eō diē virōs fortissimōs atque amantissimōs reī pūblicae ad mē vocāvī. (Cicero. --amāns reī pūblicae, i.e., patriotic.)

On that day, I called the bravest and most patriotic (i.e. most loving of the fatherland) to me.

5. Quī imperia libēns accēpit, partem acerbissimam servitūtis vītat. (Seneca. --libēns gen. libentis, willing)

Those who has accepted imperia willingly avoids the harshest part of servitude.

6. Iūcundissima dōna, ut āiunt, semper sunt ea quae auctor ipse cāra facit. (Ovid.)

The most pleasant gifts, as they say, are always those which the giver himself makes dear (to himself).

7. Beātus sapiēnsque vir forum vītat et superba līmina potentiōrum cīvium. (Horace.)

A fortunate and wise man avoids the forum and the haughty thresholds of powerful citizens.

8. Quid est turpius quam ab aliquō illūdī? (Cicero. --illūdō -ere to deceive.)

What is more shameful than to be deceived by someone?

9. Quid enim est stultius quam incerta prō certīs habēre, falsa prō vērīs? (*Cicero. --falsus -a -um.)

What truly is more foolish than to hold the unsure in front of the sure, the false in front of the true?

10. Saepe mihi dīcis, cārissime amīce: “Scrībe aliquid magnum; dēsidiōsissimus homō es.” (Martial. --dēsidiōsus -a -um lazy.)

O most dear friend, you often say to me: “Write something great; you are a most lazy man.”

11. Verba currunt; at manus notāriī est vēlōcior illīs; nōn lingua mea, sed manus eius, labōrem perfēcit. (Martial. --notārius, -iī, stenographer. --vēlōx, gen. vēlōcis, swift. --perficiō -ere -fēcī -fectum, to complete.)

Words move quickly; but a stenographer’s hand is swifter than those; not my tongue, but his hand, completes the work.

12. Multī putant rēs bellicās graviōrēs esse quam rēs urbānās; sed haec sententia mūtanda est, nam multae rēs urbānae sunt graviōrēs clāriōrēsque quam bellicae. (Cicero. --bellicus -a -um adj of bellum.)

Many think that matters of war are more serious than matters of the city; but this opinion must be changed, for many matters of the city are more serious and more evident than those of war.

13. Invītātus ad cēnam, manū sinistrā lintea neglegentiōrum sustulistī. Hoc salsum esse putās? Rēs sordidissima est! Itaque mihi lintem remitte. (Catullus. --linteum -ī, linen, napkin. --neglegēns, gen. neglegentis, careless. --salsus -a -um, salty; witty. --sordidus -a -um, dirty, mean.)

Invited to dinner, with your left hand you took away the careless men’s napkins. You think this is witty? It is a very mean thing! And so return me my napkin.

THE NATIONS OF GAUL

Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam quī ipsōrum linguā Celtae, nostrā Gallī appellantur. Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt. Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen, ā Belgīs Matrona et Sequana dīvidit. Hōrum omnium fortissimī sunt Belgae.

(*Caesar, Bellum Gallicum 1.1.-- The places and peoples mentioned: Gaul, the Belgae, the Aquitani, the Celts or Gauls, and the rivers Garonne, Marne, and Seine. --dīvidō -ere -vīsi -vīsum to devide, separate. --incolō -ere, to inhabit; Belgae, Aquītānī, and [eī] quī are all subjects of this verb. --ipsōrum linguā = linguā suā. --nostrā, sc.linguā. --īnstitūtum -ī, custom, institution. --differō.)

Gaul is wholly divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, another the Aquitani [inhabit], [those] who inhabit the third are called by the language of their own the Celts, by ours the Gauls. All these differ by language, customs, laws among themselves. The river Garumna (Garonne) divides the Gauls from the Aquitani, the Matrona (Marne) and Sequana (Seine) divide them from the Belgae. Of all these the strongest are the Belgae.

THE GOOD LIFE

Haec sunt, amīce iucundissime, quae vītam faciunt beātiōrem: rēs nōn facta labōre sed ā patre relicta, ager fēlīx, parvum forī et satis ōtiī, mēns aequa, vīrēs et corpus sānum, sapientia, amīcī vērī, sine arte mēnsa, nox nōn ebria sed solūta cūrīs, nōn trīstis torus et tamen pudīcus, somnus facilis. Dēsīderā tantum quod habēs, cupe nihil; nōlī timēre ultimum diem aut spērare.

(Martial 10.47; prose adaptation. --rēs, here property, wealth. --ā patre relicta, i.e., inherited. forī, gen. of the whole with parvum. --sine arte, i.e., simple, modest. --ebrius -a -um, drunken. --solvō -ere solvī solūtum, to loosen, free (from). --torus -ī, bed. --nōlī is used with the inf. for a negative command, here do not fear.)

These are, most agreeable friend, what make life happier: wealth not made by labor but left by a father (i.e. inherited), a prosperous farm, a little of the forum and enough leisure, a calm mind, strength and a sound body, wisdom, true friends, a table without craft, a night not drunken but released from cares, not a sad but nevertheless a chaste bed, easy sleep. Desire so much as what you have, long for nothing; do not fear the final day or hope.