Stage 33 Words

ācriter adj sharply, keenly; clearly, in a distinctive manner; closely, attentively; with vigor, with enthusiasm; severely; vehemently; bitterly, hard

aeternus -a -um adj eternal, everlasting, immortal; imperishable; durable; permanent, enduring a lifetime; (of events) remembered for ever; in aeternum forever

ās assis m pound (divisible into 12 ounces); bronze coin, penny; jugerum; undivided estate; heres ex asse sole heir; non assis facere not to give a hoot about

aurīga -ae mf (ōr-) charioteer; (fig) pilot // Auriga m Auriga (constellation)

columba -ae f pigeon, dove (female)

compluvium -iī n compluvium (opening in roof of atrium)

conclāve -is n room; public toilet

contra adv 1 (+acc) against; 2 on the other hand

convolvō -vere -vī -ūtus tr to roll together; to roll up (scroll); to fasten together, interweave; to wrap; terga convolvere (of snakes) to writhe // refl to roll along; to go in a circle

crux crucis f cross; crucifixion; torment; tormentor; ī in malam cruxem! (coll) go hang yourself!

diabolus -ī m devil

evangelium -ī n good news, gospel

familiaris -ris -re adj domestic, family-, household-; familiar, intimate; private, personal (as opposed to public); (in augury) one’s own (part of the sacrificial animal); res familiaris one’s private property, estate, patrimony // m servant, slave; acquaintance; close friend

inimīcus -a -um adj unfriendly, hostile; harmful // m (personal) enemy; inimicissimus suus his bitterest (personal) enemy // f (personal) enemy (female)

latebra -ae f hiding place, hideaway, hideout; (fig) loophole

lēniter adv mildly, gently, softly, smoothly; quietly, calmly; halfheartedly; (of style) smoothly

longurius -iī m pole

moveō movēre mōvī mōtus tr to move; to stir, shake, disturb; to cause, occasion, promote; to begin; to undertake; to trouble, torment; to touch, influence, affect…

mussitō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to bear in silence // intr to be silent; to mutter, grumble

nisi conj if not, except, unless

odium -i(ī) n dislike, aversion, hatred; object of hatred, nuisance; dissatisfaction, disgust; offensive conduct, insolence; odio esse (w.dat) to be hateful to, be disliked by, be hated by // npl feelings of hatred

pantomimes pantomimi m mime performer in a pantomime

pendeō pendēre pependī intr to hang (down), be suspended; to hang loose; to be flabby; to be weak; to be in suspense, be uncertain, hesitate; to hang around, loiter; to hang in the air, hover, float; to overhang; (of plants) to droop; (w.abl or ab, de or ex +abl) 1 to hang down from, hang by; 2 to depend on, be dependent upon; 3 to be based on, hinge on; 4 to result from; 5 to hang onto; (w.in+abl) to be poised on, hover in, hover over; animi pendere to be in suspense, be perplexed; pendere ab ore (w.gen) to hang on (s.o.’s) words, listen with rapt attention to; pendere ex vultu (w.gen) to gaze intently at (s.o.’s) face

perscrūtor -ārī -ātus sum tr to search or examine thoroughly, scrutinize

plērusque -aque -umque adj a very great part of, the greater part of, most; a good many; plerique omnes nearly all // mpl most people, the majority // n the greatest part

prōnuntiō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to proclaim, announce; to express (opinion, judgment); to pronounce (words); to hold out, promise (rewards) publicly; to recite, deliver; to narrate, relate; sententiam pronuntiare (pol) to announce a motion (for discussion in the Senate), to put a motion to a vote // intr (theat) (of an actor) speak one’s lines

pūmiliō -ōnis m midget, dwarf; pygmy

recipiō -cipere -cēpī -ceptus tr to keep back, keep in reserve; to withdraw, bring back, carry back; to retake, receive, welcome; to gain, collect, take in, make (money); to take up, assume, undertake; to guarantee, pledge; (mil) to retake, recapture, seize, take occupy; ad se (or in se) recipere to take upon oneself, take the responsibility for, promise, guarantee //refl to get hold of oneself again, regain composure, recover, come to again; to retreat, escape; se recipere (w.ad or in +acc) to retreat to, escape to, find refuge in

scālae -ārum fpl ladder; flight of stairs, stairs

sternō sternere strāvī strātus tr to strew, spread; to cover (couch, horse) with a cloth; to pave (a road, floor); to strike down, lay low, slay; to raze; to overwhelm, defeat utterly; to flatten, smooth; to calm, calm down; triclinium sternere to set the table; //pass to stretch out (on the ground)

suffīgō -figere -fixī -fixus tr to nail up, fasten

tapēte -tis n tapestry, wall-hanging

tectum -ī n roof; ceiling; canopy; cover, shelter; house

tībia -ae f shinbone, tibia; flute

tībīcen, -inis m flutist; prop; pillar

addō -dere -didī -ditus tr to add; to give additionally; to add by way fo exaggeration; to increase; to quicken (one’s pace)

admīror -ārī -ātus sum tr to admire, wonder at; to be surprised at

aequus -a -um adj level, even, flat, smooth; on a level (with), as tall or as high (as); fair-minded, impartial, just, reasonable; evenly balanced; (of laws, treaties) giving equal rights, fair; (of persons) on an equal footing, equal (in strength, etc.); (of qualities) matching, equal, alike; (of love) reciprocated; …(of the mind) calm, resigned…

Aethiopes, Aethiopum, mpl Ethiopians

animadvertō -tere -tī -sus tr (-vort-) to pay attention to, attend to; to notice, observe, realize; to criticize; to punish

aper -prī m wild boar; meat of wild boar as food

cāsus -ūs m falling; fall, downfall, overthrow, end; chance, event, occurrence; occasion, opportunity; emergency; misfortune, accident; plight; eventuality, possible situation, contingency; death; fate; (gram) case; non consulto sed casu not on purpose but accidentally

cellarius -a -um adj of a storeroom // m one in charge of the storeroom

circ(u)lus -ī m circle, circuit; ring, hoop; social circle; (astr) orbit

compōnō -pōnere -posuī -positus tr (conp-) to put together, join; to place (things together); to store up, hoard; to lay aside, put away; to build; to compose, write; to arrange, settle, agree upon; to match; to match up (pairs); to compare; to treat as comparable; to balance (e.g., deeds with words)

concrepō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to rattle, creak, grate, clash, sound, make noise; digitis concrepare to snap the fingers // tr to cause to sound or to rattle

conducō -cere -xī -ctus tr to bring together, collect, assemble; to connect, unite; to rent; to borrow; to induce, bribe; to employ, hire; to contract for, undertake a contract in connection with (buildings, etc.) // intr to be of use; (w.dat) 1 to be useful to, be of use to; 2 to be profitable to; 3 to be fitting for; 4 to be conducive to; (w. ad or in+acc) to be conducive to

cōnor -ārī -ātus sum tr dep to try

convīva -ae m(f) guest; dinner guest

dens dentis m tooth; ivory; point, prong; fluke; (of an elephant) tusk; albis dentibus deridere aliquem (prov) to laugh heartily at s.o.; dens Indus elephant’s tusk

dēprōmō -ere -psī -ptus tr to take down; to bring out, produce; pecuniam ex arca depromere to get the money out of the safe

dētestor -ārī -ātus sum tr to curse; to invoke (the gods) to avert; to plead against; to detest; (w. in+acc) to call (e.g., vengeance) upon; invidiam detestari to

digitus -ī m finger; inch (one sixteenth of a Roman foot); toe; digitis concrepare to snap the fingers; digito uno attingere to touch lightly, touch tenderly; digitum intendere ad to point the finger at; digitum tollere to make a bid; digitus service, draft; draftees; recruitment; dilectum habere to conduct a draft; legions ex novo dilectu conficere to bring the legions to full strength with new draftees

dīvitiae -ārum fpl riches; richness (of soil); costly things

dūrus -a -um adj hard; lasting; rough (to the senses); tough, hardy; rough, rude, uncouth; shameless, brazen; harsh, cruel; callous, insensitive; severe, oppressive; parsimonious

edō edere (or esse) ēdī ēsus tr to eat; (fig) to devour, consume, destroy; pugnos edere (sl) to eat fists, eat a knuckle sandwich

eiusmodī adv of that kind

ērubescō -escere -uī tr to blush at; to be ashamed of; to respect // intr to grow red, redden; to blush

ēvolō -āre -āvī -ātum intr to fly out, fly away; to rush out; (fig) to soar

existimō -āre -āvī -ātus tr (-tum-) to form an opinion of, judge, consider, regard; to think, suppose; in hostium numero existimare to regard as an enemy

fundus -ī m bottom, farm, estate; (leg) sanctioner, authority

grātulātiō -ōnis f congratulation; rejoicing, joy; public thanksgiving

humilis -is -e adj low, low-lying, low-growing; short (in stature); humble; lowly, poor, obscure; insignificant; petty, unimportant; small-minded, cheap; humiliated, humbled

iamdudum adv for a long time

immō adv (in contradiction or correction of preceding words) nay, on the contrary, or rather, more precisely; (in confirmation of preceding words) quite so, yes indeed; immo vero yes and in fact

infīgō -figere -fixī -fixus tr to drive in, nail, thrust; to imprint, fix, impress; (w.dat) 1 to drive into, thrust into; 2 to impale on; 3 to imprint on or in; 4 to fasten to, attach to

innītur -tī -xus sum or -sus sum intr (w.abl) to lean on, rest on, be supported by

inopia -ae f lack, want, need, poverty; scarcity; helplessness; (rhet) barrenness (of style); (rhet) lack of subject matter

lanx -cis f dish, platter; pan (of a pair of scales); aequā lance impartially

laurus -ī or -ūs f laurel tree, bay; laurel branch; triumph

licet -ēre -uit or -itum est v impers it is permitted, it is lawful; (w.dat & inf) it is all right for (s.o.) to; licet (to express assent) yes, O.K.; mihi licet I may, I can (often w. neut, pron as subject); si tibi hoc licitum est if you are allowed to do this; (w. the force of a conjunction, w.subj) although, granting that

māne indecl n morning // adv in the morning; on the following morning; bene mane early in the morning; cras mane tomorrow morning; heri mane yesterday morning; hodie mane this morning; postridie eius diei mane the following morning

mē…auctōre at my suggestion

minor minari minatus sum v dep threaten, speak/act menacingly; make threatening movement; give indication of

necne conj or not

perfodiō -fodere -fōdī -fossus tr to dig through; to pierce, stab

petauristārius m acrobat

pīpiō -āre intr to chirp

polliceor -ērī -itus sum tr to promise

poscō poscere poposcī tr (weaker than flāgitō) to ask, request, beg, demand; to ask for in marriage; (at auction) to bid for; (of things) to require, demand, need, call for, make necessary; (w.ab) to ask for (s.th.) from, demand (s.th.) of; (w.double acc) to demand (s.th.) of (s.o.), ask (s.o.) for (s.th.)

pulvīnus -ī m pillow, cushion; seat of honor

rectē adv rightly, properly

saltō -āre -āvī -ātus tr & intr to dance

scīlicet adv of course, evidently, certainly; (ironically) naturally, of course; (as an explanatory particle) namely, that is to say

senex -is adj aged, old // m old man

sevērus -a -um adj severe, strict, austere; serious, grave; ruthless, grim; plain, unadorned (style of writing, architecture)

spīna -ae f thorn; thornbush; prickle (of animals); spike (of asparagus); backbone, spine; (fig)thorny question; toothpick

subveniō -venīre -vēnī -ventum intr (w.dat) to come up to aid, reinforce

temperans -antis adj self-controlled

transiliō or transsiliō -īre -uī tr to jump over, jump across; to overstep; to skip, omit // intr to jump across

Tyrius Tyrian (colored with dye from the city of Tyre)

urbānus -a -um adj of the city, city; courteous; sophisticated; witty; brash, forward // m city dweller; (pej) city slicker

utrum conj whether

vendō -ere -idī -itus tr to put up for sale; to sell, vend; to sell (s.o.) out, betray; to advertise; to praise, recommend

vetus -eris(gen) adj old, aged; long-standing //mpl see veteres //npl see vetera

vīnim Falernum Falernian wine (a famous wine from Campania)

Stage 31 Words

arbiter -trī m eyewitness, spectator; judge; (leg) arbitrator (with wider discretionary power than a judex); ruler, director, controller

catēna -ae f chain; series; curb, restraint // fpl chains, fetters

certō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to contest // pass to be fought over // intr (w.de+abl) to fight over, struggle for; (w.cum) to fight with, struggle with, compete with; (w. inf) to strive to; (leg) to debate

compitum -ī n (conp-) crossroads; (fig) crucial decision

dēdūcō -cere -xī -ctus tr to lead or draw down; to launch (ship); to accompany, escort; to lead out (colonists to new colony); to conduct (bride to husband), give (bride) away; to evict; to subtract, deduct; to summon (as witness); to divert; to mislead; to derive (name); to compose (poetry); to comb out (hair); to draw out (thread in spinning); to lure (into a trap); (leg) to arraign; (pol) to install (in a position of authority); rem huc (or eo) deducere ut to bring things to the point that

densus -a -um adj dense, close, thick, crowded; frequent, repeated; intense (love, cold); concise (style)

dēpellō -pellere -pulī -pulsus tr to drive off, drive away; to drive out; to avert; (mil) to dislodge; (w.ab or de+abl) to deter from, dissuade from, wean from // intr to deviate

difficultās -ātis f difficulty, hardship, trouble, distress; surliness; poverty, financial embarrassment

doctus -a -um pp of doceo // adj learned, skilled, experienced, trained; clever, shrewd; (w. abl or ad or in+abl) skilled in, clever at

ēmergō -gere -sī tr to raise (from the water) // refl & pass to raise oneself up, rise // intr to emerge; to rise (in power); to extricate oneself; (w. ex) to get clear of

expōnō -pōnere -posuī -positus or -postus tr to put out, bring out (into the open); to expose (children to die); to leave in an exposed position; to display, put on show; to make available; to reveal; to publish; to exhibit; to relate; to explain; to offer, tender; to set on shore, land;

flūmen -inis n flowing, stream; river; (fig) flood (e.g., of tears, words); flumine adverso upstream; secundo flumine downstream

frūmentum -ī n grain; wheat // npl grain fields; crops

fustis -is m club; stick; beating to death (as military punishment)

illūcescō -cescere -xī intr (inl-) to grow light, dawn; to begin to shine

līmen -inis n lintel, threshold; doorway, entrance; outset, beginning; starting gate (at racetrack); house, home

lutum -ī or lutus -ī n mud, mire; clay; in luto esse (or haerere) (fig) to be in a pickle; pro luto esse to be dirt-cheap

malignus -a -um adj malicious, crafty, wicked, devilish

mendīcus -a -um adj needy, poverty-stricken; paltry (meal) // m beggar

mens -tis f mind, intellect; frame of mind, attitude; will, inclination; understanding, reason; thought, opinion, intention, plan; courage, boldness; passion, impulse; addere mentem to give courage; captus mente crazy; demittere mentem to lose heart; in mentem venire to come to mind; mentis suae esse to be in one’s right mind

modo adv only, merely, simply; (of time) just now, just recently, lately; presently, in a moment; modo...deinde (or tum, postea, interdum) first...then, at one time... next time; modo...modo now...now, sometimes...sometimes, at one moment...at another; non modo...sed etiam (or verum etiam) not only...but also /// conj if only, provided that

nihilōminus adv nevertheless, just the same; no less

obstupefaciō -facere -fecī -factus tr to stun, astonish, strike dumb, daze; (of drinks) to stupefy; to paralyze (emotions, etc.)

occidō -cidere -cidī -cāsum intr to fall, fall down; (of the sun) to set; to fall, be slain; (of hope, etc.) to fade; (of species) to become extinct, die out; (fig) to be ruined, be done for; occidi! I’m finished! vita occidens the twilight of life

orior orīrī ortus sum intr to rise; to get up; to become visible, appear; to be born, originate, be descended; to proceed, begin, start; (of a spring, river) to rise; (of living creatures) to come into existence, be born; (of plants) to come up, sprout; (of events) to arise, crop up

perstō -stāre -stitī -stātum intr to stand firm, hold one’s ground; to remain standing; to remain unchanged, last; to be firm, persevere, hold out; (of soldiers) to continue under arms; (of things) to remain stationary; (w.inf) to continue obstinately to (do s.th.)

porrigō -rigere -rexī -rectus tr to reach out, stretch out, extend; to stretch out (in sleep or death); to offer, present, hand; to lengthen (a syllable) // refl & pass to extend

praecō -ōnis m crier, herald; auctioneer; (fig) eulogist

procax (gen)-ācis adj brash

pūblicus -a -um adj public, of the people, common; of the state, state, national; ordinary, vulgar; general; causa publica affair of national importance; (leg) federal case (i.e., criminal case); id bono publico facere to do it for the public good; publica acta the public record, the official gazette; res publica state, government, politics, public life, country; rem publicam inire to enter politics

rumpō rumpere rūpī ruptus tr to break, break down, break open; to burst, burst through; to tear, split; to cause to snap; to tear, rend (hair, clothes)

ruō -ere -ī -tus tr to throw down, hurl to the ground; to level (e.g., sand dunes); to destroy, overthrow, lay waste; to sweep headlong; to upturn, churn up // intr to dash, rush, hurry; (of vehicles) to go fast; (of buildings) to fall down, collapse; (of fortunes) to go to ruin; (of rain) to come pouring down; (of the sun) to set rapidly; (w. in+acc) 1 to charge, swoop down on; 2 to proceed with haste or impatience to (an action); curru in bella ruere to go into battle on the double

saccārius -ī m docker, dock-worker

sarcina -ae f package, bundle, pack; burden (of a womb); sorrow, trouble // fpl luggage, gear; movable goods, chattels, belongings

scindō scindere scidī scissus tr to cut, split, tear apart, tear open; to divide, separate; to interrupt

sol sōlis m sun; sunlight, sunshine; day

spargō -gere -sī -sus tr to scatter, sprinkle, strew; to disperse; to disseminate; to spot, dapple

spē…dēiectī disappointed in their hope

sportula -ae f little basket (in which gifts of food were given by the patron to his clients); dole, present (of food or money); gift

subdūcō -dūcere -duxī -ductus tr to draw up from below; to pull up, raise; to remove, take away, steal; to haul up, beach (a ship); to withdraw (troops); to balance (accounts) ratiōnēs subdūcere draw up accounts, write up accounts

subscrībō -scrībere -scripsī -scriptus tr to write underneath; to sign; to write down, record, register // intr (leg) to sign an accusation, act as prosecutor; (w.dat) 1 to add in writing to; 2 to agree to; (leg) (w.in+acc) to sign an accusation against, indict

Subūra the Subura (noisy and crowded district north of the Forum)

superbē adv arrogantly

superbus -a -um adj arrogant, haughty, snobbish; proud; overbearing, tyrannical; fastidious, disdainful; superb, magnificent; (of an honor) that is a source of pride; (w. abl) proud of; ales superba the phoenix

tot indecl adj so many, as many; tot...quot as many...as

vehō vehere vexī vectus tr to carry, convey, transport // pass to travel, ride, sail, be borne along

vēnālicius -a -um adj for sale // m slave dealer // npl merchandise, imports and exports

Stage 29 Words

abhinc adv (w.acc or abl of time) ago; abhinc annos centum a hundred years ago

abhorreō -ēre -uī intr to shrink back; (w. ab) 1 to be averse to; 2 to be inconsistent with; 3 to differ from; 4 to be free from

adhūc adv thus far, hitherto; till now; as yet, still; besides, in addition, moreover, to a greater degree, still further; (w. numerals) besides; nihil adhuc nothing as yet

admīrātiō -ōnis f admiration, wonder; surprise

adversus -a -um adj (-vors-) opposite, in front; facing; unfavorable; hostile; (astr) diametrically opposite; adversā viā up the road; adverso flumine upstream; frontibus adversis head-on; res adversae misfortunes; ventus adversus head wind // n trouble, adversity, misfortune; the opposite; in adversum forwards; (of several things) in the opposite direction in adversum subire to go uphill; per adversum in the opposite direction

afficiō -ficere -fēcī -fectus tr (adf-) to treat, handle, manage; to influence, move; to attack, afflict; to impair; (w. adv) to treat (in a certain way); (abl and verb may be rendered by the English verb corresponding to the Latin abl): cruce afficere to crucify; honoribus afficere to honor; supplicio affigere to punish

agger -eris m rubble; soil; rampart; break-water; dike, dam; fortification; ramp; pile, heap, collection; ridge, mound, hill; funeral pyre; agger ripae bank (of river); agger (viae) causeway

altus -a -um adj high; deep; profound (wisdom); deep, loud (sound); intense (heat, cold); thick (fog); high-born, ancient (lineage) // n high seas, the deep; heaven; ab alto from on high, from heaven; ex alto far-fetched; ex alto petere (or repetere) to go far afield for

amplector -plectī -plexus sum tr to embrace, hug; to cling to; to accept gladly, welcome; to comprise, extend over, cover, include; to encircle (enemy forces); to grasp, grip; to understand; (of serpent) to coil itself around; (mil) to occupy

amplexō -āre or amplexor -ārī -ātus sum tr to embrace; to welcome; to cling to, grasp; to espouse, cherish

annus -ī m year; season; age, time of life; year of office; year’s produce, crops; ad annum for the coming year, a year from now; anno last year; anno exeunte (or anno pleno) at the end of the year; (annum or in annum) for a year; annus meus (tuus, etc.) my (your, etc)year of office; annus solidus a full year

anus -ūs f old woman; hag

appellō -āre -āvī -ātus tr (adp-) to speak to, address, accost; to appeal to, call on, beseech; to make overtures to, approach; to invoke (god as witness); to demand payment of; to call up (to pay a debt or obligation); to recognize (as), style officially; to name, call; to mention by name, use the name of, mention; to pronounce; to designate, term, call; to demand payment of; (leg) to sue; imperatorem appellare to hail as “Imperator” // intr to appeal

arcus -ūs m bow; rainbow; curve; arch; triumphal arch; one of the five zones of the sky

audeō audēre ausus sum tr to dare, risk; vix ausim (old perf subj active) credere I could scarcely dare to believe // intr to dare, be bold

augur -uris mf augur (priest who foretold future by observing birds); seer

avia -ae f grandmother; old wives’ tale

avis -is f bird; sign, omen; avis alba (or rara) rarity

candelābrum -ī n candlestick, candelabrum; lampstand

cantō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to sing; to play; to sing of, celebrate; to harp on, keep repeating; to drawl out; to predict; (of birds) to sing, crow, warble; (of actor) to play the part of // intr to sing; to play; (of instruments) to sound; to drawl; (of rooster) to crow; ad surdas aures cantare (fig) to preach to deaf ears

carmen -inis n song, tune; poem; poetry; lyric poetry; incantation; oracular utterance; ritual formula; legal formula; adage

castellum -ī n fort, fortress; (fig) stronghold, refuge; small reservoir or center of distribution on an aqueduct

circiter adv about, nearly, approximately // prep (w.acc) about, near

circumveniō -venīre -vēnī -ventus tr to enclose, surround; to go around to; to distress, beset; to circumvent, cheat; to prosecute or convict unjustly

citharoedus -ī m singer-musician (with self accompaniment on cithara/lyre); harpist

clādēs -is f disaster; loss; (mil) defeat, carnage; destruction; ruins; (of person) scourge, destroyer

claudō -dere -sī -sus tr to shut, close; to bring to a close, conclude; to shut up; to lock up, imprison; (mil) to blockade, hem in; to limit; to cut off, block; to keep secret, suppress (feelings, thoughts); agmen claudere to bring up the rear; numeris (or pedibus) claudere to put into verse; transitum claudere to block traffic

conficiō -ficere -fēcī -fectus tr to make, manufacture, process, refine; to do, perform, accomplish; to carry out, discharge; to celebrate (a rite, festival); to make ready, prepare; to complete, execute, fulfill; to bring about, cause; to bring together, collect; to secure, obtain; to use up, wear out, exhaust; to finish off,

destroy, kill; to run through, waste (money, inheritance); to chew (food); to digest (food); to spend, pass (time); to compose, write; to set down in writing, record; to demonstrate; to cover (a distance); (of grief, worry) to overwhelm

consciscō -iscere -īvī or -iī -ītus tr to decree, decide on; (w. sibi) to inflict on oneself; sibi mortem consciscere to decide on suicide

conspicuus -a -um adj visible, in sight; conspicuous, striking, remarkable, distinguished

corōna -ae f crown, garland; circle of bystanders; (mil) cordon of besiegers; (mil) ring of defense; corona civica decoration for a saving a life;

culter -trī m knife; razor; plowshare

cursus -ūs m running, speeding, speed; trip; course, direction; suitable time or weather for travel; rapid movement, flow; progress; magno cursu at top speed; cursus honorum political career

decōrus -a -um adj beautiful, graceful; glorious, noble; suitable, proper, decorous // n grace; propriety

dedicō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to dedicate, consecrate, set aside; to declare (property in a census return)

dēfendō -dere -dī -sus tr to defend, protect, guard; to repel, beat off, avert; to keep off (the cold, heat); to answer (a charge); to support, uphold (argument); to play thepart of (a character); (leg)to defend; (w.dat) to ward off (s.th. harmful) from; solstitium pecori defendere to ward off the noonday heat from the flock, protect the flock from the noonday heat

dēfīgō -gere -xī -xus tr to fix, fasten down; to drive down; to fix, concentrate (eyes, attention); to root to the spot, astound; to bewitch; in tera defigere to stick (weapon into s.o.)

dēsistō -sistere -stitī intr to stop, desist; to get stuck, stick; (w. abl or w. ab or de + abl) to desist from, abandon, give up (an action begun); desistere a defensione to give up the defense

discrīmen -inis n dividing line; interval, intervening space, division, distance, separation; discrimination, difference, distinction; critical moment, turning point; crisis, jeopardy, peril, danger, risk; decision, determination; decisive battle; difference in pitch; res in discrimine est the situation is at a critical stage; parvum discrimen leti narrow escape from death

dolor -ōris m pain, ache; grief, distress; indignation, resentment, chagrin; pathos; object of grief; capitis dolor headache; dentium dolor toothache; esse dolori (w.dat) to be a cause of grief or resentment to

effigiēs -ēī or effigia -ae f effigy, likeness, semblance; opposite number; copy, imitation; image; statue, figure, portrait; ghost, phantom

equitēs: equites (wealthy men ranking below senators)

ēvertō -tere -tī -sus tr (-vor-) to overturn, turn upside down; to overthrow; to turn out, expel; to subvert, destroy, ruin

ex(s)truō -ere -xī -ctus tr to pile up; to build, erect, construct

expugnō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to assault, storm; to break into, plunder (a home); to defeat; (fig) to overcome, sweep aside (conditions, purposes); (fig) to achieve, accomplish; (fig) to extort, wrest, gain; to persuade, overcome the resistance of

exstruō -ere -xī -ctus tr to pile up; to build, erect, construct

exta -ōrum npl vital organs, entrails

exter or exterus -a -um adj exterior, outward; foreign strange; mare exterum the ocean (as opposed to the Mediterranean Sea) // m foreigner (exterior -or -us comp; extremus -a -um super)

famēs -is f hunger; starvation; famine; fasting; (fig) craving; (rhet) bald style, poverty of expression

ferrum -ī n iron; tool, implement; iron object; sword, dart, arrowhead, ax, plowshare, crowbar, spade, scissors, stylus, curling iron, (surgical) knife; gladiatorial fight;

festus -a -um adj festive, joyous, in holiday mood; dies festus holiday // n (often plural in singular sense) holiday, festival; festum agere to observe a holiday

figura -ae f figure, shape, form; phantom, host; nature, kind; figure of speech

flāgitō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to demand; (w. double acc, or w. ab) to demand (s.th.) of (s.o.)

flōs flōris m flower; bud, blossom; best (of anything); prime (of life); youthful beauty; innocence, chastity; crown, glory; aroma (of wine); best period, heyday, zenith; (rhet) literary ornament

fortitudō -inis f fortitude, bravery, courage; strength; resolution

frāter -tris m brother; cousin; (euphem) (homosecual) sex patner; frater germanus full brother; frater patruelis first cousin (on father’s side)

fulgeō -gēre -sī or fulgō -ere intr to gleam, flash, blaze, shine, glare; to be conspicuous, be illustrious

furtum -ī n theft, robbery; trick; secret action, intrigue; secret love // npl intrigues; secret love affair; stolen goods

glōrior -ārī -ātus sum tr (only w. neuter pron as object) to boast about this, be proud of this; idem gloriari to make the same boast, be proud of the same thing // intr to be proud ; to boast; (w.abl or w.de or in+abl) to take pride in, boast about; (w. adversus +acc) to boast or brag to (s.o.)

identidem adv again and again, continually; now and then, at intervals

illūc (acc; -ūc; abl -ōc) adj neut that // pron it

immineō -ēre intr (inm-) to project, stick out; to be near, e imminent; to threaten, menace; (w. dat) 1 to look out over, overlook (a view); 2 to hover over, loom over, threaten; (w.dat or in + acc) to be intent on, be eager for

inde adv from there; from that source, therefrom; from that time on, after that, thereafter; then; from that cause

indulgeō -gēre -sī -sus tr (w.dat) to grant, concede (s.th.) to; veniam indulgere (w.dat) to make allowances for // refl sibi indulgere to be self-indulgent, take liberties // intr (w.dat) 1 to be lenient toward, be kind to, be tender to; 2 to yield to, give way to; 3 to indulge in, be addicted to; 4 to make allowance for;5 (of deities, fate, etc.) to look favorably on, show kindness to; 6 to take pleasure in; 7 to devote oneself to (an activity)

inflīgō -gere -xī -ctus tr (w. dat) 1 to strike (s.th.) against, smash (s.th.) against; 2 to inflict (wound) on; 3 to bring (e.g., disgrace) to

inflō -āre -āvī -ātus tr (of wind) to blow on; to blow (horn), play (flute); (of a deity) to inspire; to inflate, fill with conceit; to puff up (cheeks); to fill (sails); to distend, bloat; to amplify (sound); to inflate (price)

intentē adv intently, attentively

invicem adv

invicem or in vicem adv in turn, taking turns, one after another, alternately; mutually, each other; defatigatis invicem integri succedunt fresh troops take turns in relieving the exhausted troops

iugulum -ī n iugulus -ī m throat

lacus -ūs m vat; tank, pool, reservoir, cistern; lake

lectica -ae f litter

lēniō -īre -īvī or -iī -ītus tr to soothe, alleviate, calm // intr to calm down

līberī -ōrum or -um mpl children; sons;

lūgeō -gēre -xī -ctus tr to mourn, lament, deplore // intr to mourn, be in mourning; to be in mourning clothes

lux lūcis f light; light of day, life; daylight; public view, publicity; the public, the world; light of hope, encouragement; glory; elucidation; luce (or luci) by daylight, in the daytime; lux aestiva summer; lux brumalis winter; (cum) pirmā luce at daybreak

magistrātus -ūs m magistracy; magistrate, official; military command

marmor -oris n marble; marble statue, marble monument; marble vessel; milestone; smooth surface of the sea // npl marble pavement

massa -ae f mass, lump; (coll) chunk of money; bulk, size; heavyweight (used in exercising)

mātrōna -ae f married woman, matron, wife; lady

memor oris adj mindful, remembering, having a good memory; careful, thoughtful; observant; (w. gen) mindful of, remembering

miser -era -erum adj poor, pitiful; wretched, miserable, unhappy; sorry, worthless (miserior -or -us comp; miserrimus -a -um super)

morior -ī -tuus sum intr to die; (fig) to decay, pass away, die out; (of fires) to die out; (of flowers) to wither, die off; moriar nisi (coll) hope to die if… not

mōs mōris m custom, usage, practice; caprice, mood; nature; manner; fashion, style, rule, regulation, law; de more (or ex more)according to custom;

mūnītiō -ōnis f building, fortifying, defending; fortification, rampart, trenches, lines; munitio fluminum bridge of rivers; munitio viae road construction

nanciscor -ciscī -ctus sum or nactus sum tr to get, obtain; to come across, find; to arrive at; to experience, meet with; to contract (a disease)

natus or gnātus -a -um pp of nascor // adj born; (w. dat or ad or in+ acc) born for, made for, naturally suited to, fit for; (w. annos) at the age of …, …years old, e.g., annos viginti natus at the age of twenty, twenty years old; non amplius novem annos natus no more than nine years old; pro re nata (or e re nata) under the existing circumstances, as matters stand; res nata the situation, the way things are // m son // mpl children // f daughter

nox noctis f night; night activity; sleep; death; darkness, blindness; mental darkness, ignorance; gloom; ad multam noctem till late at night; nocte (or de nocte) at night, by night; noctem et diem night and day; sub noctem at night fall //fpl noctes et dies night and day, continually

obstinātiō -ōnis f determination; obstinacy, stubbornness

occāsiō -ōnis f opportunity, good time, right moment, chance; pretext; (mil) surprise, raid

opus -eris n work; product of work; structure, building; literary work, composition, book; work of art, workmanship; deed, achievement; literary genre

ornō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to equip, fit out, furnish; to outit, dress; to set off, decorate, adorn; to show (s.o.) respect; (w.abl) 1 to honor with; 2 (of things) to give distinction to, enhance

ōrō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to beg, entreat, implore, plead with; to ask for; (w.double acc) to ask (s.o.) for; (leg) to plead (a case) // intr to plead, beg, pray; (w. cum) to plead with, argue with

patrōnus -ī m legal protector, patron; advocate (in court); defender

paul(l)isper adv for a little while

pauper -eris adj poor (financially); scanty, meanger; (w.gen)poor in // mf pauper

pavor -ōris m panic, terror, dread; dismay; quaking, shivering; pavorem injicere (w.dat) to strike terror into

pereō -īre -iī -itum intr to pass away, pass on, die; to go to waste, perish, be destroyed; to be lost, be ruined, be undone; to be desperately in love, pine away; (of snow) to melt away; (of iron) to rust away; perii! (coll) I’m finished!, I’m washed up!

perficiō -ficere -fēcī -fectus tr to complete, finish, bring to an end; to accomplish, carry out, execute; to perfect; to cause; (w. ut, ne) to bring it about (that, that not)

pēs pedis m foot (of body, of table, of couch; in verse); rope at lower part of a sail, sheet

polyspaston crane

pompa -ae f solemn procession; parade; retinue; pomp, ostentation

praeruptus -a -um adj broken off, broken up; rough (terrain); steep; hasty, impetuous; (of an utterance) cut short // n precipice, steep place; (fig) dangerous undertaking

praesum -esse -fuī -futūrus intr to preside; in provinciā praeesse to govern a province; (w.dat) 1 to preside over, be in charge of, be in command of; 2 to be preeminent in

praetextus -a -um pp of praetexo // adj bordered; wearing the crimson-bordered toga; fibula praetexta Roman tragic drama // f see praetexta // n pretext, pretense, excuse

procul adv at a distance, in the distance; far away, a great way off; from a distance, from far; haud procul afuit quin legatos violarent they came close to outraging the ambassadors; non procul ab not far from

prōsiliō -īre -uī or -īvī or -iī intr to jump forward, jump up; to jump to one’s feet; (of blood) to spurt; (of sparks) to shoot out, fly; to dash

quia conj because

quiescō -escere -ēvī -ētum intr to rest, keep quiet, be inactive; to fall asleep; to sleep, be asleep; to lie still, be still, be undisturbed; to say no more, be quiet; (of the dead) to find rest; to pause, make a pause; (of a person) to be calm, remain calm be unruffled; (of physical forces, of conditions) to die down, subside, be still; (of things) to cease to operate; to be neutral, keep neutral, take no action; to refrain from violence, make no disturbance, remain peaceful; (of troops) to make no move; (w.inf) to cease to, stop; to take no steps to, omit to; (w. ab + abl) to be free from

rebellō -āre -āvī -ātum intr to rebel

redemptor -ōris m contractor; revenue agent

rostrum -ī n bill, beak; snout, muzzle; curved bow (of ship) // npl rostrum (in the Roman Forum so called because it was adorned with the beaks of ships taken from the battle of Antium, 338 B.C.); pro rostris orationem habere to give a speech from the rostrum

rūpēs -is f cliff

sacrificium -(i)ī n sacrifice; sacrificium facere (or perpetrare) (w. dat) to offer a sacrifice to

sculpō -ere -sī -tus tr to carve, chisel, engrave

serēnus -a -um adj clear, bright, fair; cloudless; cheerful, serene // n clear sky, fair weather

servitūs -ūtis f slavery; slaves; property liability, easement

sileō -ēre -uī tr to leave unmentioned, say nothing about // intr to be silent, be still; to keep silent; to be hushed; to rest, cease

sors sortis f lot; casting of lots, decision by lot; prophecy; fate, destiny, lot in life; portion, share; sort, kind // sorte ductī: chosen by not

specus -ūs m (n) cave, cavern; (any artificial excavation) hole, pit, tunnel, ditch; cavity (of a wound, etc.)

status -ūs m position; posture; social standing, rank, prestige; state of affairs, situation, condition; (gram) mood of the verb; (leg) legal position (in regard to rights, obligations); (mil) position; (rhet) point at issue; status rei publicae type of government, form of constitution

superstes -itis adj standing by as a witness; surviving; posthumous; (w.gen or dat) outliving, surviving (s.o.); superstes esse to live on; superstes esse (w.gen or dat) to outlive (s.o.)

superstes -itis m survivor

taurus -ī m bull; bronze bull made as an instrument of torture

terribilis -is -e adj terrible, frightful

titulus -ī m inscription; label; title, heading (of a book, chapter); chapter (of a book); personal title; identification tag; notice, advertisement; pretext, ostensible motive; claim to fame; title of honor; renown; (w.gen) 1 honor or distinction arising from; 2 reputation for

transfigō -figere -fixī -fixus tr to pierce; to run (s.o.) through

tuba -ae f trumpet (with a straight tube, as opposed to the cornus; used in war, at religious ceremonies, at the start of public shows, at weddings, funerals, etc.)

tubicen -inis m trumpeter

undique adv from all directions, on all sides, everywhere; in all respects, completely

usque adv all the way, right on; all the time, continuously; even, as much as; (without addition of an adv or prep) to the fullest extent, completely; usque ab (w.abl) all the way from; ever since; usque ad (w.acc) all the way to; all the way back in time to…; // prep (w.acc) up to, as far as,right until

validus -a -um adj strong, powerful, able; healthy; robust; fortified; influential; efficacious

vel adv even, actually; perhaps; for instance; vel…vel either…or

Vesta -ae f Vesta (Roman goddess of the hearth and the home)

Vi Sacra: the Sacred Way (road running through forum)

victima -ae f (-tum-) victim; sacrifice

Virginēs Vestālēs Vestal virgins (priestesses of Vesta)

vultus -ūs m (vol-) face; looks, expression, features; look, appearance

Stage 28 Words

abdūcō -dūcere -duxī -ductus tr to lead away, take away; to withdraw (troops); to seduce; to alienate; (w.ab) to distinguish from

addūcō -cere -xī -ctus tr to lead up, bring up; to bring with one; bring along; to import; to bring up (reinforcements); to lead (the mind to); to introduce (arguments); to draw together, wrinkle; to induce; to sail (a ship to)

afflīgō -gere -xī -ctus tr (adf-) to knock down; to batter; to injure, damage; to distress, afflict; (fig) to crush

ambō -ae -ō adj both, two // pron both, the two

ānulus -ī m ring, signet ring

aptus -a -um adj tied, bound, fastened; fitted together; suitable, adapted; neat, orderly, in good order, in good condition; handy, convenient; (w.abl) provided with; (w. ex or adv) following from, dependent on; (w. ad or in acc) 1 equipped for, ready for; 2 efficient at, good at; 3 convenient for; 4 useful for; 5 favorable for; causae inter se aptae connected causes

arrogantia -ae f (adr-) arrogance; presumption

audāc(i)ter adv boldly

auris -is f ear

avē atque valē: hail and farewell

blandus -a -um adj smooth; flattering; fawning; alluring, charming, winsome, pleasant

catēna -ae f chain; series; curb, restraint // fpl chains, fetters

cōmiter adv politely; kindly

commoveō -movēre -mōvī -mōtus tr to stir up, shake; to disturb, upset; to excite, shake up; to arouse, provoke; to generate, produce; (fig)to touch, move; to influence; to impress; to cause, start (a war, battle); to dislodge (an enemy); to call in (a debt)

conciliō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to bring together, unite; to win over; to bring about (by meditation); to acquire, win

coniūrō -āre -āvī -ātum intr to take an oath together; to plot, conspire

conjiciō -jicere -jēcī -jectus tr to hurl, cast; pile together; to conclude, infer; to conjecture; to interpret // refl se in fugam (or in pedes) conjicere to take to one’s heels

cremō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to burn; to burn alive; (of fire) to consume; to cremate; (w.dat) to offer as a burnt offering to

creō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to create; to produce; to elect or appoint (to office); to cause, occasion; to beget, bear

damnō -āre -āvī -ātus tr (leg)to find guilty, convict; to sentence, condemn; to secure the condemnation of; to offer as a sacrifice, doom to the gods below; to pass judgment on (a case); (w.dat of the aggrieved person) to deliver by judicial sentence to, award (s.o.s.th.); (w.abl) to fine (s.o.) in the amount of; (w.gen or abl) to find fault with for; (w.gen or abl of the charge) to find (s.o.) guilty of

dēnuntiō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to intimate; to give notice of; to announce officially; to give official warning to; to warn, threaten; (mil) to report to; denuntiare testimonium (w.dat) to give (s.o.) a summons to testify

destinō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to lash down, secure; to fix, determine, resolve; to earmark; to appoint, designate; to arrange the purchase of; to aim at // intr to make up one’s mind // v impers destinatum mihi est I have made up my mind

diffīdō -dere -sus sum intr (w.dat) to distrust; to despair of; (w. acc & inf) to have no confidence that; (w.inf) to expect not to

dīripiō -ripere -ripuī -reptus tr to tear apart, tear to pieces; to lay waste, pillage; to loot, rob; to steal; to snatch away; to whip out (sword); to run after, compete for the company of (person)

discordia -ae f discord, dissension, disagreement; mutiny

doleō -ēre -uī -itus tr to give pain to, hurt // intr to feel pain; to hurt, be sore, ache, smart; to grieve, be sorry, be hurt; take offense; (w.dat) to give pain to, afflict; caput mihi dolet I have a headache

dolus -ī m trick; deceit, cunning; dolus malus (leg) malice aforethought, fraud

effundō -fundere -fūdī -fūsus tr (ecf-) to pour out, pour away; to emit; to utter (sounds); to allow (rain water) to run off; to shed (tears); to hurl, shower (weapons); (w.in + acc) to shower (praise) on; (of the stomach) to throw up; to give up, let go, abandon, resign; to knock down, overturn (walls, buildings); to produce in abundance; to lavish, waste (money, energy); (of tree) to spread out (branches); to empty out (bags, etc.); to give vent to, pour out // refl & pass to come pouring out; (of rain) to pour down; (of a river) (w.ab) to begin to flow from, have its source at; super ripam effundi to overflow its banks

excipiō -cipere -cēpī -ceptus tr to take out, remove; to rescue; to exempt; to take, receive, catch, capture; to follow, succeed to; to intercept; to be exposed to; to incur; to welcome; to take up eagerly; to listen to, overhear; to except, make an exception of; to reach (a place); to mention in particular; to take on, withstand

excruciō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to torture, torment

exquīsītus -a -um pp of exquiro // adj carefully considered; meticulous; choice, exquisite

extorqueō -quēre -sī -tus tr to wrench, wrest; to dislocate; to extort

fallō fallere fefellī falsus tr to cause to fall, rip; to lead into error, mislead; to deceive, trick, dupe, cheat; to fail to live up to, disappoint; to while away (time); to escape the clutches of; to escape the notice of, slip by; to disguise

fraus -dis f fraud, deception, trickery; error, delusion; offense, crime; harm, damage; (person) fraud, cheat

fustis -is m club; stick; beating to death (as military punishment)

garum -ī n fish sauce

gemma -ae f bud; gem, jewel; jeweled goblet; signet ring, signet; eye (of a peacock’s tail); literary gem; pebble (for marking days); a piece in a game-board

gens -tis f (Roman) clan (sharing the same nomen and, theoretically, the same ancestor); stock; tribe; nation, people; country; class, set, race; species, breed; descendant, offspring; (poet)herd, flock, hive // fpl the peoples of the world; rest of the world (apart from the Romans), foreign nations; longe gentium abire to be far, far away; minime gentium by no means; ubi gentium where in the world

gladius -(i)ī m sword; murder, death

guttur -uris n (m) gullet, throat, neck // npl throat, neck

habitō -āre -āvī tr to live in, inhabit // intr to dwell, live

hasta -ae f spear

hau(d)quāquam adv by no means whatsoever, not at all

haud or haut or hau adv hardly; not, not at all, by no means

hilarē adv cheerfully, merrily

homunculus -ī m poor guy, little man, manikin

importō -āre -āvī -ātus tr (inp-) to bring in, import; to introduce; to bring about, cause; (w.dat) to inflict (damage, trouble) on

infestus -a -um adj hostile, antagonistic; aggressive, warlike; troubled (times, conditions); (of weapons) poised to strike; (of armies) taking the offensive; (of things) harmful, troublesome; (of places)threatened, exposed to danger, insecure; (w.abl)1 dangerous or unsafe because of; 2 infested with

inimīcus -a -um adj unfriendly, hostile; harmful // m (personal) enemy; //f (personal) enemy (female)

lēgō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to commission; to send on a public mission, dispatch; to delegate, deputize; to bequeath, will; (fig) to entrust

lingua -ae f tongue; speech, language, dialect; eloquence; utterance; style (of s.o.’s speech); (of animals) note, song, bark; (geog)tongue of land;

mandō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to hand over; to commit, entrust; to command, order, enjoin; to commission; to delegate (authority); to send a message about, report; to prescribe, specify; humo aliquem mandare to bury s.o.; memoriae (or animo) mandare to commit to memory, record // refl se fugae mandare to run away

meritus -a -um adj deserved, just, right, proper, deserving; guilty // n service, favor, kindness; merit, worth; blame, fault, offense

metus -ūs m fear, anxiety

mollis -is -e adj soft; springy; flexible; flabby; mild, calm; easy; gentle (slope); sensitive, impressionable; tender, touching; weak, effeminate; amatory (verses); changeable, untrustworthy

ops opis f power, might; help, aid; influence, weight // fpl wealth, resources, means; military or political resources

pastor -ōris m shepherd

patera -ae f flat dish, saucer (used esp. in making libations)

perturbō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to throw into confusion, confuse; to disturb; to embarrass; to upset; to alarm

posterus -a -um adj following, ensuing, next, subsequent, future // mpl future generations, posterity, descendants // n future time; next day; consequence; in posterum until the next day; for the future (posterior -or -us comp; postremus -a -um super)

postrēmō adv at last; finally

praeda -ae f booty, spoils, plunder; pray; (of fish)catch; (in hunting) the game; prize, profit

quiētus -a -um adj at rest, resting, free from exertion, inactive; quiet; peaceful; undisturbed; netural; calm; still, silent; idle // npl period of peace

repetō -ere -īvī or -iī -ītus tr to turn head back to, try to reach again, return to; to aim at again; to fetch back; to attack again; to persecute again; to demand anew; to demand back, claim, demand in compensation, retake; to trace back, retrace; to trace in thought, think over, recall, recollect; to repeat, undertake again, resume, renew

sepeliō sepelīre sepelīvī or sepeliī sepultus tr to bury; (fig) to overwhelm, ruin, destroy, suppress

signō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to mark, stamp, impress, imprint; to seal, seal up; to coin; to signify, indicate, express; to adorn; to distinguish, note

solvō -vere -vī or -uī -ūtus tr to loosen, untie (a cord); to release; to dissolve, break up; to detach, disengage; to unlock, open; to melt; to relax (the body); to smooth, soothe; to impair, weaken, destroy; to acquit; to accomplish, fulfill; to pay, pay off; to solve, explain; to break (a siege); to break down (a barrier); to undergo (punishment); to get rid of (feelings)

spectāc(u)lum -ī n sight, spectacle; public performance, show; stage play; theater

spērō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to hope for, expect, look forward to; to trust, trust in; to anticipate, await in fear; (w.acc & inf; also w. nom & inf in imitation of the Greek; also w.ut +subj) I hope that; id quod non spero I hope that is not the case, I hope not // intr to hope; bene sperare to be optimistic; non spero I hope not

statua -ae f statue

sumptuōsus -a -um adj costly, expensive; lavish, wasteful

tintin(n)ō -āre or tintin(n)iō -īre intr to ring

uter -tra -trum adj which (of the two)// pron which one (of the two); one or the other

utrum…an: whether…or

vēnātiō -ōnis f hunt, hunting; wild-beast show; game

venter -ris m stomach, belly; womb; embryo, unborn child; belly, protuberance

ventus -ī m wind; intestinal wind; (fig) storm

Stage 26 Words

accūsō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to accuse; to prosecute; to reproach, blame; (w. gen of the charge or w. de + abl) to accuse of

adstō -āre -itī intr to stand erect, stand up, stand nearby; (w. dat) to assist

adventus -ūs m arrival, approach; visit

aedificium -(i)ī n building, edifice

arma -ōrum npl armor, defensive arms (opp tela weapons to throw or thrust); war, warfare; camp life; armed men, troops; equipment, tools

augeō -gēre -xī -ctus tr to increase, enlarge, augment, spread; to magnify; to exalt; to exaggerate; to emphasize; to enrich; to honor, advance, promote; to reinforce; to feed (fame); to raise (voice); to endow

bestia -ae f beast, wild beast

blanditia -ae or blanditiēs -ēī f flattery, compliment; charm

caecus -a -um adj blind; invisible; vague, random, aimless; uncertain, unknown; unsubstantiated; blinding; obscure, mysterious; dark, gloomy; concealed, disguised; unforeseeable (dangers)

caveō cavēre cāvī cautus tr to guard against, beware of; to keep clear of; to stipulate, decree, order; to guarantee; intr to be careful, look out, be on one's guard; (w. abl or ab) to be on one's guard against; (w. ab) to get a guarantee from

cohors -tis f barnyard; retinue, escort; (mil) cohort (composing 3 maniples or 6 centuries and forming one-tenth of a legion, or 600 men)

colligō -ligere -lēgī -lectus tr to pick up ; to gather together, collect ; to attain; to gather, to harvest; to summarize; to contact, compress, concentrate

commeātus -ūs m passage ; traffic ; convoy ; (mil) furlough ; (mil) lines of communication ; (mil) supplies

commōtus -a -um adj excited, nervous; deranged (mind); angry; impassioned

comparō -āre -āvī -ātus tr (from com-+parō) to prepare, make preparations for; to purchase; to plan, devise; to put together, get together, provide

conspicior -ārī -ātus sum tr to catch sight of, spot, see

constituō -uere -uī -ūtus tr to set up, erect; settle (e.g., people in a place); to establish; to settle on, fix (date, price, penalty); to arrange, organize; to designate, appoint, assign; to decide, arbitrate, decree, judge; (w. inf) to decide to

contentiō -ōnis f stretching, tension; exertion, effort; competition; quarrel; contrast, comparison, antithesis

continuus -a -um adj continuous, unbroken; successive; dies continuos quinque (for) five days in a row

contiō -ōnis f meeting, rally ; public meeting (of the people or soldiers); speech, pep talk; contionem habere to give a speech; to give a pep talk

corrumpō -rumpere -rūpī -ruptus tr to burst, to break to pieces, smash; to destroy completely, ruin, waste; to mar; to corrupt; to adulterate; to falsify, tamper with; to bribe; to seduce

custōs -ōdis m guard; guardian; watchman; protector; jailer; (mil) sentinel

dēleō -ēre -ēvī -ētus tr to destroy; to annihilate; to overthrow; to extinguish; to raze; to blot out, erase; to put an end to, abolish

dēpōnō -pōnere -posuī (posīvī) -pos(i)tus tr to put down, put aside; to get rid of; to bet; to deposit; (w. apud + acc) to entrust to, commit to the care of; bellum deponere to give up war; imperium deponere to relinquish power

diffidō -dere -sus sum intr (w. dat) to distrust; to despair of; (w. acc & inf) to have no confidence that; (w. inf) to expect not to

disciplīna -ae f instruction, training, teaching, education ; learning, knowledge, science ; discipline, branch of study ; custom, habit ; system ; militaris disciplina basic training; republicae disciplina statesmanship

exerceō -ēre -uī -itus tr to exercise, train ; to keep (s.o.) busy, keep (s.o.) going; to supervise

fidēlis -is -e adj faithful, loyal; trustworthy, true, sure

fidēs -ēī f trust, faith, reliance, confidence; credence, belief; trustworthiness, conscientiousness, honesty; promise, assurance

haereō -rēre -sī -sum intr to cling, stick; to hang around, linger, stay, remain fixed, remain in place (w.dat or abl or w. in + abl) 1, to cling to, stick to, be attached to; 2, to loiter in, hang around in, waste time in (a place) or at (an activity); 3, to adhere to, stick by (an opinion, purpose); 4, to gaze upon; 5, to keep close to

hortor -ārī -ātus sum tr to encourage, cheer, incite, instigate; to give a pep talk to (soldiers)

hospes -itis m host, entertainer; guest, visitor; friend; stranger, foreigner

ignārus -a -um adj ignorant, unaware, inexperienced; unsuspecting; senseless; unknown, strange, unfamiliar; (w. gen) unaware of, unfamiliar with, ignorant of

impellō -pellere -(pe)pulī -pulsus tr to strike against, strike ; to reach (the ears); to push, drive, drive forward, impel, propel; to urge, persuade; to stimulate, induce; to force, compel; to put to rout; to swell (sails)

inānis -is -e adj empty, void; deserted, abandoned, unoccupied; hollow; worthless, idle; lifeless, unsubstantial; penniless; unprofitable; groundless. n empty space, vacuum; emptiness; worthlessness

indicium -(i)ī n information, disclosure, evidence; indication, proof; indicio esse to give evidence; to be an indication or proof

inferō inferre intulī illātus tr to bring in, carry in; to import; to introduce; to bring forward, adduce, produce; (w. dat) to cause (injury, death, delay) to; to bury, inter; (w. in + acc) to reduce to; (w. dat) to pay (money) to (e.g. the treasury); refl & pass to enter; to rush in or on; to go, march, charge, plunge; intr to infer, conclude

inimīcitia -ae f unfriendliness, enmity; fpl feuds

iniūria -ae f injustice, wrong, outrage; insult, affront; harshness, severity; revenge; injury, damage, harm

instruō -ere -xī -ctus tr to build up, construct; to furnish, prepare, provide, fit out; to instruct; (mil) to deploy

nāvis -is f ship

nuntius -ī m messenger, courier; message, news; order, injunction

ōdī odisse ōsus tr(defective verb) to have taken a dislike to, dislike, hate, be disgusted with

opēs opum fpl money, wealth

oportet -ēre -uit v impers it is right, it is proper; me abire oportet I ought to go, I should go

opprimō -primere -pressī -pressus tr to press down, weigh down ; to pressure, put pressure on ; to shut ; to overwhelm ; to put down, quell ; to sink (ship); to subvert, overthrow, crush, overpower; to conceal, suppress; to catch

ordō -inis m line, row; series; (mil)line, file (of soldiers), company, century, command of a company or century

pauca pron neut pl a few things, a few words ; paucis in a few words, briefly

perrumpō -rumpere -rūpī -ruptus tr to break through, force one’s way through; to break in two, shatter, smash; to offend against, violate; intr to break through, make a breakthrough

pessimē (superl of male) adv (-sum-) worst; most wickedly; most unfortunately; by a stroke of bad luck

plaustrum -ī n wagon, cart

poliō -īre -īvī or -iī -ītus tr to polish; to smooth; (fig) to polish

praeceps adv headfirst

praestō -stāre -stitī -stitus (fut participle: praestātūrus) refl to show oneself, behave

prīma -ōrum npl first part, beginning; first principles or elements; cum primis among the first, especially; chiefly; first of all; in primis above all, chiefly, particularly, especially

principium -(i)ī n beginning, start; starting point; origin; beginner, originator; basis; premise; npl foundations; (mil)headquarters; (mil) the second line in order of battle

proficiscor -ficiscī -fectus sum intr to set out, start, go, depart; to originate, proceed, arise

purgō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to cleanse, clean; to clear, clear away, remove

quantus -a -um adj (interrogative or exclamatory) how great, how much, of what size, of what importance, of what worth

quiēs -ētis f quiet, rest, peace ; calm, lull

quot indecl adj (interrog) how many; (correlative) as many

reficiō -ficere -fēcī -fectus tr to rebuild, repair, restore

renovō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to make new again; to renovate, repair, restore; to refresh (the memory); to repeat, keep repeating, reaffirm

saevus -a -um adj raging, fierce, cruel; brutal, savage, barbarous

sēditiō -ōnis f sedition, insurrection, mutiny; dissension, quarrel, disagreement

spernō spernere sprēvī sprētus tr to spurn, scorn, reject; to speak disdainfully of; to separate, dissociate

squālidus -a -um adj rough, scaly; stiff, caked with dirt; squalid; in mourning; coarse (speech); barren, waste (land)

strēnuē adv briskly, quickly, actively, strenuously

studium -(i)ī n eagerness, keenness, enthusiasm; devotion (to a person); support, goodwill (esp. a political sense), party spirit; study; (w. gen) eagerness for, enthusiasm for; npl studies; studia contraria opposite parties

superbia -ae f arrogance, haughtiness, snobbishness; pride

taceō -ēre -uī -itus tr to be silent about, pass over in silence; intr to be silent, be still

terō terere trīvī trītus tr to rub; to wear down; to wear out (by constant handling); to spend, waste (time)

tribūnal -ālis n platform; tribunal, judgment seat; (in camp)general’s platform; cenotaph

tribūnus -ī m tribune; tribunus militaris (or militum) military tribune (six in each legion, serving under the legatus, and elected by the people or at times appointed by the commander)

tripūs -odis or -odos m tripod (three-footed caldron); oracle, Delphic oracle

varius -a -um adj variegated, of different colors; varied; composed of different elements, motley

volvō -vere -vī -ūtus tr to roll, turn about, wind; to consider, weigh; (of time) to bring on, bring around; to form (a circle); to undergo (troubles)

现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时 直陈被动

 

现在来看一下现在完成时（present perfect）、过去完成时（pluperfect）和将来完成时（future perfect）的被动形式。这三者的被动形式原理一样，都是完成时被动分词+be动词的现在时、过去或将来时构成的。

 

在词典里给出的动词的四个基本形式中，最后一项就是完成时被动分词。

例：actus (agō, agere ēgī actus)

被动分词有类似表语形容词的作用，因此它们的词尾会根据所修饰名词性数的不同而变化，词典里给出的actus是阳性单数主格词尾，有的词典里给出的不是actus而是actum，则为中性单数主格词尾。

变化如下，完全与第一第二种变格的名词和形容词相同：

 

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular	actus	acta	actum
Plural	actī	actae	acta

 

此外，回顾一下esse的现在时、过去时和将来时形式：

present tense	past tense	future tense
sum es est	eram erās erat	erō eris erit
sumus estis sunt	erāmus erātis erant	erimus eritis erunt

 

上述两表结合起来，就是被动完成时的三种形态了。注意：当esse为复数时，actus的单数词尾（-us, -a, -um）也应变为复数词尾（-ī, -ae, -a）

 

present perfect passive	pluperfect passive	future perfect passive
āctus(-a, -um) sum āctus es āctus est	āctus eram āctus erās āctus erat	āctus erō āctus eris āctus erit
āctī(-ae, -a) sumus āctī estis āctī sunt	āctī erāmus āctī erātis āctī erant	āctī erimus āctī eritis āctī erunt

 

至此，已经将动词直陈主动和被动的所有形式列出。

 

Stage 25 Words

accidō -cidere -cidī intr to happen, occur, come to pass; (w. dat of person affected) to happen to, befall; (w. adv) to turn out; (w. abl of cause) to happen as the result of

alter pron one (of two), the one, the other; a second one, the second one, the next one

ambō -ae -ō adj both, two; pron both, the two

arānea -ae f spider; cobweb

capiō capere cēpī captus tr to take hold of, grasp; to occupy; to catch, capture; to defeat

captivus mf prisoner-of-war

castra -ōrum npl camp; day’s march; the service, army life

cella -ae f storeroom; silo; small room

centuriō -ōnis m centurion (commander of an infantry company)

consistō -sistere -stitī intr to come to a stop, stop, pause, halt

conspectus -ūs m look, sight, view; (sense of) sight; mental view; appearance on the scene

consūmō -ere -psī -ptus tr to consume, use up, exhaust; to devour; to wear out; to waste

contumēlia -ae f mistreatment; outrage; abuse; insult, affront

cruentus -a -um adj gory, blood-stained; bloodthirsty; blood-red

dēsinō -sinere -sīvī or -s(i)ī -situs tr to give up, abandon, finish with; (w. inf) to stop (doing sth.); furere desinere to stop raging; intr to stop, come to a stop, end; to stop speaking; (w. gen) to cease from; (w. in + acc) to end in; similiter desinere to have similar endings

dīligentia -ae f care, diligence, industry, attentiveness; economy, frugality

discēdo -cēdere -cessī -cessum intr to go away, depart; to separate, be severed

ēligō -ligere -lēgī -lectus tr to pluck out; to pick out, choose (ēlegere: Perf. Act. Ind 3rd Person)

euge or eugepae interj terrific!

explicō -āre -āvī(or -uī) -ātus(or -itus) tr to unfold, unroll; to spread out; to loosen, undo; to set free; to arrange, adjust, settle; to exhibit; to explain; to display

explōrātor -ōris m scout, spy

facinus -oris n deed, act; event; crime, outrage; criminal

furō -ere intr to be out of one’s mind; to rush furiously around; to rage, rave

gustō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to taste; flavor, (fig) to enjoy; to overhear; intr to have a snack

horreum -ī n barn, shed; silo, granary; wine cellar; storehouse (of bees), beehive

ignōtus -a -um adj unknown, unfamiliar, strange; inglorious; unnoticed; ignoble; vulgar, ignorant

intus adv inside, within; at home, in; to the inside; from within

inultus -a -um adj unavenged; unpunished

irrumpō -rumpere -rūpī -ruptus tr to rush into, break down; intr to rush in; (w.dat or in + acc) 1, to rush into; 2, to rush on; 3, to invade, attack

iuvenis -is m young man; warrior; f young lady

labor lābī lapsus sum intr to glide, slide, slip; to fall, sink; to slip away, disappear, escape

laedō -dere -sī -sus tr to knock, strike; to hurt; to rub open; to wound; to harm(reputation, interests); to offend, outrage, violate

lateō -ēre -uī intr to hide, lie hidden; to lurk; to be out of sight, be invisible; to lie below the surface; to keep out of sight

legiō -ōnis f legion (divided into 10 cohorts and numbering between 4,200 and 6,000 men); army, active service

lucerna -ae f oil lamp; (fig) midnight oil; ad lucernam after dark; ante lucernas before nightfall

mīlitō -āre -āvī -ātum intr to be a soldier, do military service

nātālis -is -e adj of birth, natal, congenital; dies natalis birthday

neglegens -entis adj negligent, careless, indifferent

nēmō -inis mf no one, nobody; a person of no consequence, a nobody; nemo alius no one else; nemo dum no one yet; nemo non every; nemo unus no single person, no one by himself; non nemo someone, many a one, a few

optiō -ōnis m helper, assistant; (military officer, ranking below centurion)

ōs ōris n mouth; beak; voice, speech; expression; lip, face, countenance, look

pallidus -a -um adj pallid, pale ; gray-green, yellow-green, chartreuse

pāreō -ēre -uī -itum intr (w. dat) 1, to obey, be obedient to; (pārentēs: Pl Vpar Pres. Act. Male Nom)

perfuga -ae f military deserter; political turncoat; refugee

periculōsus -a -um adj dangerous, risky, perilous

praestō -stāre -stitī -stitus (fut participle: praestātūrus) tr to be superior to, outdo ; to show, exhibit, give evidence of, display; to answer for, be responsible for

pūgiō -ōnis m dagger

relinquō -linquere -līquī -lictus tr to leave behind, not take along; to bequeath; to let remain; to forsake, abandon

sīc adv thus, so, in this way; thus, as follows; in these circumstances; in such a way, to such a degree

sonitus -ūs m sound, noise, clang

spēs speī f hope; expectation; anticipation, apprehension (of evil)

statiō -ōnis f standing still, stationary position; station, post; position; residence; anchorage; in statione at one’s post, on guard

tabula -ae f plank, board; writing tablet; painting (on a panel of wood)

tectum -ī n roof; ceiling; canopy; cover, shelter; house

testis -is mf witness

vīnciō -cīre -xī -ctus tr to bind, tie; to wrap; to encircle, surround; to restrain

vīvus -a -um adj alive, living; lively-fresh; natural (rock); speaking (voice)

altus -a -um adj high; deep; profound (wisdom); deep, loud (sound)

anteā adv before, previously, formely; iam antea already in the past

audax -ācis (gen) adj bold, daring ; reckless

caballus -ī m horse, nag; packhorse; riding horse

carcer -eris m prison; prisoners

caudex -icis m trunk (of tree); block (of wood to which one was tied for punishment); book, tablet; ledger; (coll) blockhead

clam adv secretly, privately; stealthily

conscendō -dere -dī -sus tr to climb up, ascend ; to climb (tree); to mount (horse, chariot); to board (ship); intr to climb up; to climb aboard

crīmen -inis n indictment; reproach; guilt; crime; esse in crimine to be arraigned

dēcidō -dere -dī intr to fall down; to die; to drop; to sink; (of things) to fail, go wrong; to end up, land

dēligō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to tie up, fasten; (med) to bandage

deserō -ere -uī -tus tr to desert, abandon, forsake

despērō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to despair of; intr to despair, give up hope; (w.de +abl) to despair of

dīligō -ligere -lexī -lectus tr to love, esteem ; to like ; to velue, appreciate

effugiō -fugere -fūgī tr to escape; to keep away from (a person or place); to avoid; to escape the grasp of, slip out of (the hands); intr to escape, slip away; (w. abl or w.ab or ex) to escape from

ēlābor -bī -psus sum intr to glide off; to slip away, escape; to pass away, disappear

furtum -ī n theft, robbery; trick; secret action

haesitō -āre -āvī -ātum intr to get stuck; to hesitate; to stammer; to be undecided, be at a loss

inclūdō -dere -sī -sus tr to shut in, confine, lock up; to include; to insert; to block, shut off, obstruct

inveniō -venīre -vēnī -ventus tr to come upon, find, come across, discover; to find out; to invent, derise; to learn, ascertain; to get, reach, earn

itiner -eris n journey, road; passage, path

labefaciō -facere -fēcī -factus tr to cause to totter; to shake, weaken; (fig) to cause to waver, shake; (fig) to undermine (authority, power)

magnopere or magnō opere adv greatly, very much; particularly; strongly, earlestly, heartily

māiestās -ātis f majesty, dignity, grandeur; sovereign power, sovereignty; authority

medius -a -um adj middle, central, the middle of, in the middle; intermediate; moderate

mox adv soon, presently; hereafter; next, then; later on

onmīnō adv altogether, entirely, wholly

oppugnō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to assault, attack, storm; (fig) attack, assail

pālus -ī m stake, post; wooden sword

perfidus -a -um adj chercherous, false; untrustworthy, dishonest, sneaky

plūrimus -a -um (superl of multus) adj many a; most; very much; very many; very great, very intense; very powerful, very violent

pons -tis m bridge; gangway; drawbridge; deck

potestās -ātis f power, ability, capacity; efficacy, force; public authority, rule, power, sway, dominion, sovereignty

praetereō -īre -īvī or-iī -itus tr to go past, pass by; to skip, pass over in silence; to escape the notice of; to go beyond; to surpass; intr to go by

prior -or -us (comp; no positive exists) adj previous, preceding, prior, former; more fundamental, basic; better, superior, preferable

referō referre rettulī relātus tr to bring back, carry back; to give back, return, restore; to pay back; to give back, return; to announce, report, relate, tell; to note down, enter, register, record; to consider, regard; to refer, attribute, ascribe; to bring up, spit out, vomit

rīpa -ae f river bank; aequoris ripa seashore

sēmirutus -a -um adj half-ruined, demolished

trānseō -īre -īvī or -iī -itus tr to cross; to desert; to pass (in a race); to pass over, make no mention of; intr to go over, go across, pass over; to pass by, go by

tristis -is -e adj sad, sorrowful; bringing sorrow, saddening; gloomy, sullen

ultimus -a -um adj farthest, most distant, extreme; earliest; latest, final, last; greatest; lowest; meanest

unda -ae f water; stream, river; wave; sea, seawater; current (of air)

impetus -ūs m attack, assault; rush; impetus; impetuosity, vehemence

eques -itis m rider; trooper, cavalryman; cavalry

fugitīvus -a -um adj & m runaway, fugitive

carnifex -icis m executioner; murderer, butcher; scoundrel

scrība, -ae m secretary, clerk

auctōritās -ātis f origination, source, cause; view; advice; power, authority; weight, influence, prestige; leadership; importance, significance

susurrō -āre tr & intr to mutter, murmur, whisper

destringō -stringere -strinxī -strictus tr to strip; to unsheathe; to give (s.o.) a ribdown; to brush gently against, skim

iugulum -ī n, iugulus -ī m throat

quīcquam cūiusquam pron anything

tremō -ere -uī tr to tremble at; intr to tremble, shiver, quake

intereā adv meanwhile, in the interim; anyhow, nevertheless

exsultō -āre -āvī intr to jump up; to frisk about; (of horses) to rear, prance; (of heart) to throb; to exult, rejoice, jump for joy

trahō -here -xī -ctus tr to drag around, haul, pull; to touch, handle; to deal with, treat; to manage, control

quoque adv (always succedds the word it emphasizes) too

torqueō -quēre -sī -tus tr to twist, turn, wind; to bend out of shape; to hurl

cognoscō -oscere -ōvī -itus tr to become acquainted with, get to know, learn; to recognize, identify; to inquire into, investigate

postrīdiē adv on the day after, on the following day

contendō -dere -dī -tus tr to stretch, draw tight; to aim, shoot, hurl; intr to exert oneself; to contend, compete, fight; to dispute, argue; to travel, march; to match, contrast; (w. ad) to strive for, aspire to

nusquam adv nowhere; on no occasion; for nothing, to nothing