第三十四课 被动表主动的动词；个别被动表主动动词与夺格的用法 Chapter 34 Deponent Verbs; Ablative with Special Deponents

被动表主动的动词 Deponent Verbs

此类动词不多，然需小心记忆。由于缺乏主动形态，此类动词在词典里只列出三个主要部分：

变位：

被动表主动动词的变位与普通动词遵循同样的规则，区别仅仅在于它们少了所有主动的部分。

分词与不定式：

分词：

不定式：

现在时命令式：

此类动词的现在时命令式在第二人称单数时，形式与直陈现在时第二人称单数的替换形式相同；同时也与不存在的“主动不定式”形式相同。

现在时命令式的复数第二人称则与复数第二人称的直陈现在时形式相同。

不完全被动表主动的动词 semi-deponent verbs

此类动词在现在时系统中为正常动词，而在完成时系统中则为被动表主动的动词：

audeō, I dare

audēre, to dare

ausus sum, I dared

gaudeō, I rejoice

gaudēre, to rejoice

gāvīsus sum, I rejoiced

特殊的被动表主动动词与夺格用法

夺格表工具在一些特殊的被动表主动动词中有固定用法。其中最常见的是ūtor（及其合成词），其他还有fruor, to enjoy, fungor, to perform, potior, to possess, 和vēscor, to eat.

ūtor （使用，使……感到愉快）事实上是一个反身动词，字面意义是“通过某种方式使自己得到好处”

Ūtitur stilō.

he is benefiting himself by means of a pencil. 他用一支铅笔来使自己得到好处。（字面意义）

he is using a pencil.他在用铅笔。（实际意义）

Nōn audent ūtī nāvibus. they do not dare to use the ships.

Nōn ausī sunt ūtī nāvibus. they did not dare to use the ships.

更多被动表主动动词的例子：

1 Eum patientem haec mala hortātī sunt.

They encouraged him (as he was) suffering these evils.

2 Eum passūrum haec mala hortātī sunt.

They encouraged him (as he was) about to suffer these evils.

3 Is, haec mala passus, hortandus est.

This man, having suffered these evils, ought to be encouraged.

4 Is haec mala fortiter patiētur.

He will suffer these evils bravely.

5 Eum sequere et haec mōlīre.

Follow him and work at these things.

6 Eum sequī et haec mōlīrī nōn ausus es.

You did not dare to follow him and work at these things.

7 Eum sequeris/sequēris.

You are following/will follow him.

8 Eum hortēmur et sequāmur.

Let us encourage and follow him.

9 Cicerō Graecīs litterīs ūtēbātur.

Cicero used to enjoy Greek Literature.

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Dummodo exercitus opem mox ferat, moenia urbis celeriter cōnservāre poterimus.

So long as the army soon brings help, we shall quickly be able to protect the walls of the city.

2. Cum cōnsilia hostium ab initiō cognōvissēs, prīmō tamen ūllum auxilium offerre aut etiam centum mīlitēs prōmittere nōluistī.

Though you had known the enemy’s plans from the beginning, nevertheless you at first did not wish to offer any aid or send forth even a hundred soldiers.

3. Sī dīvitiae et invidia nōs ab amōre et honōre ūsque prohibent, dīvitēsne vērē sumus?

If wealth and jealousy always hold us back from love and honor, are we truly wealthy?

4. Pauper quidem nōn erit pār cēterīs nisi scientiam ingeniumve habēbit; sī haec habeat, autem, multī magnopere invideant.

A poor man will certainly not be equal to others unless he has knowledge or talent; if he should have these, however, many would be greatly envious.

5. Nisi īnsidiae patērent, ferrum eius maximē timērēmus.

If his treachery were not open, we would fear his sword most greatly.

6. Sī quis rogābit quid nunc discās, refer tē artem nōn mediocrem sed ūtilissimam ac difficillimam discere.

If anyone will ask what you are now learning, answer that you are learning an art not normal, but very useful and very difficult.

7. Lēgēs ita scrībantur ut dīvitēs et plēbs -- etiam pauper sine asse -- sint parēs.

Let the laws be thus written so that the rich and common – even the poor man without an as – can be equals.

8. Sī custōdiae dūriōrēs fortiōrēsque ad casam tuam contendissent, heu, numquam tanta scelera suscēpissēs et hī omnēs nōn occidissent.

If stricter and stronger guards had rushed to your house, oh, never would you have undertaken so many crimes and all these men would not have died.

9. Illa fēmina sapientissima, cum id semel cognōvisset, ad eōs celerrimē sē contulit et omnēs opēs suās praebuit.

Since that very wise woman knew it at one time, she swiftly betook herself to them and offered all her resources.

10. Dūrum exsilium tam ācrem mentem ūnō annō mollīre nōn poterit.

Harsh exile will not be able to soften so bitter a mind in one year.

11. Propter omnēs rūmōrēs pessimōs (quī nōn erant vērī), nātae suāvēs eius magnopere dolēbant et dormīre nōn poterant.

Because of all the very bad rumors (which were not true), his sweet daughters were weeping very much and could not sleep.

12. If those philosophers should come soon, you would be happier.

Si mox veniant illi philosophi, felicior sis.

13. If you had not answered very wisely, they would have hesitated to offer us peace.

Nisi prudentissime respondissetis, pacem offerre dubitavissent.

14. If anyone does these three things well, he will live better.

Si quis haec tria faciet, melius vivet.

15. If you were willing to read better books, you would most certainly learn more.

Si velletis meliores legere libros, certissime plura disceretis.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Sī vīs pācem, parā bellum. (*Flavius Vegetius. --parā, prepare for.)

If you wish for peace, prepare for war.

2. Arma sunt parvī pretiī, nisi vērō cōnsilium est in patriā. (Cicero. --pretium, -iī value.)

Weapons are of little value, if there is really not a plan in the country.

3. Salūs omnium ūnā nocte certē āmissa esset, nisi illa sevēritās contrā istōs suscepta esset. (Cicero. --sevēritās, -tātis.)

Everyone’s safety would certainly have been lost in one night, if that severity had not been undertaken against those men.

4. Sī quid dē mē posse agī putābis, id agēs --sī tū ipse ab istō perīculō eris līber. (Cicero.)

If you think something can be done about me, you will do it – if you yourself will be free from that danger.

5. Sī essem mihi cōnscius ūllīus culpae, aequō animō hoc malum ferrem. (Phaedrus. --cōnscius -a -um conscious.)

If I were conscious of any fault against myself, I would bear this misfortune with a calm mind (i.e. equanimity). (culpa +dat. conscius+gen.)

6. Dīcis tē vērē mālle fortūnam et mōrēs antīquae plēbis; sed sī quis ad illa subitō tē agat, illum modum vītae recūsēs. (Horace.)

You say that you truly prefer the prosperity and moral of the ancient plebs; but if someone should suddenly urge you to them, you would refuse that way of life.

7. Minus saepe errēs, sī sciās quid nesciās. (Publilius Syrus.)

You would err less often, if you should know what you do not know.

8. Dīcēs “heu” sī tē in speculō vīderis. (Horace.)

You will say “ah!”, if you will have seen yourself in a mirror.

9. Nīl habet īnfēlīx paupertās dūrius in sē quam quod rīdiculōs hominēs facit. (*Juvenal. --nīl = nihil. --quod, the fact that.)

Poverty holds nothing unhappy within itself harsher than that it makes men a laughing-stock.

B.Y.O.B., etc., etc.

You will dine well, my Fabullus, at my house

in a few (if the gods favor you) days –

if you will have brought with you a good and great

dinner, not without a fair girl

and wine and salt/wit and all the laughter;

if these, I say, you will have brought, our charming man,

you will dine well; for your Catullus'

wallet is full of spider-webs.

But on the other hand you will receive pure affections,

or what is sweeter or finer:

for I will give a perfume, which to my girl

the Venuses and Cupids gave;

which when you smell, you will ask the gods,

to make you, Fabullus, an entire nose (i.e. nothing but a nose).

THE RICH GET RICHER

Semper pauper eris, sī pauper es, Aemiliāne:

  dantur opēs nūllī nunc nisi dīvitibus.

(*Martial 5.81.; meter: elegiac couplet. --Aemiliānus -ī.)

You will always be poor, if you are poor, Aemilianus:

riches are given to no one now except the rich.

ARISTOTLE, TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

An Philippus, rēx Macedonum, voluisset Alexandrō, fīliō suō, prīma elementa litterārum trādī ab Aristotele, summō eius aetātis philosophō, aut hic suscēpisset illud maximum officium, nisi initia studiōrum pertinēre ad summam sapientissimē crēdidissent?

(Quintilian, Īnstitūtiōnēs Ōrātōriae 1.1.23. --an, interrog. conj., or, can it be that. --Macedonēs, -donum, m./f. pl., Macedonians. --Aristotelēs, -telis. --pertinēre ad, to relate to, affect. --summa -ae, highest part, whole.)

Can it be that Philip, king of the Macedonians, had wished the first principles of literature to be handed down to Alexander, his son, by Aristotle, the greatest philosopher of his time, or would this man have undertaken that very great duty, if he had not believed most wisely that the beginnings of study affect the whole?

YOUR LOSS, MY GAIN!

Cum Quīntus Fabius Maximus magnō cōnsiliō Tarentum fortissimē recēpisset et Salīnātor (quī in arce fuerat, urbe āmissā) dīxisset, “Meā operā, Quīnte Fabī, Tarentum recēpistī,” Fabius, mē audiente, “Certē,” inquit rīdēns, “nam nisi tū urbem āmīsissēs, numquam eam recēpissem.”

When Quintus Fabius Maximus by a great plan most bravely recaptured Tarentum and Salinator (who had been in the citadel, while the city was lost) had said, "By my doing, Quintus Fabius, you have retaken Tarentum;" Fabius, with me listening, said laughing, "Surely, for if you had not lost the city, I would never have retaken it."

不规则动词volō, velle, voluī 希望

volō是另一个极为常用的不规则第三种变位动词：

1，volō没有被动态，没有将来时主动的不定式或分词，没有命令式；

2，完成时系统完全为规则；

3，唯一不规则的形式出现在现在时直陈式中（必须记忆），和现在时虚拟式中（类似sim, sīs sit）；

4，未完成时虚拟类似于ferō；由不定式velle构成，然而遵循原有规律。

5，vol-是直陈现在时系统的词干；而vel-是虚拟现在时系统的词干。

nōlō和mālō

volō有两个衍伸的复合词：

nōlō nōlle nōluī (nē+volō) 不希望，不原意not to wish, to be unwilling

mālō mālle māluī (magis+volō) 更想要to want (sth) more or instead, prefer

这两个词也是不规则动词，尤其在现在时系统中：

直陈现在时主动：

volō和mālō都无命令式，但nōlō有单数和复数命令式，且非常常用，表示否定的命令：

nōlī manēre, Catilīna!

nōlīte discēdere, amīcī meī!

限制从句proviso clauses

由dummodo（既然provide that, 只要as long as）引导的虚拟语气动词从句，表达一种限定性的环境；否定从句用nē。

Nōn timēbō, dummodo hīc remaneās.

I shall not be afraid, provided that you remain here.

Erimus fēlīcēs, dummodo nē discēdās.

We shall be happy, so long as (porvided that) you do not leave.

单词表：

custōdia -ae f 保护，监禁 protection, custody；pl 警卫 guards

exercitus -ūs m 军队 army

paupertās paupertātis f 贫穷；卑微 poverty, humble circumstances

dīves gen dīvitis or dītis 富有的 rich

pār gen paris+dat. 相等的，相似的 equal, like

pauper gen pauperis 贫穷的 of small means, poor

dummodo conj+subj 既然，只要 provided that, so long as

mālō mālle māluī 更想要 to want (something) more, instead; prefer

nōlō nōlle nōluī 不希望，不想要，不愿意 to not . . . wish, be unwilling

pateō patēre patuī 开放，变得够得到，变明显 to be open, lie open; be accessible; be evident

praebeō -bēre -buī -bitum 提供，供给 to offer, provide

prōmittō -mittere -mīsī -missum 发出；允诺 to send forth; promise

volō velle voluī 希望，想要，愿意 to wish, want, be willing, will

第三十二课 副词的构成和升级；Volō, Mālō, Nōlō; 限制从句Chapter 32 Formation and Comparison of Adverbs; Volō, Mālō, Nōlō; Proviso Clauses

原级：

一二种变格的形容词变副词一般在词干后加-ē-

longē （来自longus -a -um）

līberē （来自līber, lībera līberum）

pulchrē （来自pulcher -chra -chrum）

第三变格的形容词通常在词干后加-iter；若词干以-nt-结尾，仅加-er：

fortiter （来自fortis -e）

celeriter （来自celer celeris celere）

ācriter （来自ācer ācris ācre）

fēlīciter （来自fēlīx gen fēlīcis）

sapienter （来自sapiēns gen sapientis）

副词的升级

比较级通常以-ius结尾，即采用形容词比较级的中性词尾

最高级从形容词的最高级变化而来，即将形容词最高级的词尾变为-ē

Quam和副词的比较级、最高级

Quam和副词连用，正如其与形容词连用相同：hic puer celerius cucurrit quam ille; illa puella quam celerrimē cucurrit. 然而在副词情况下通常不采用abl表比较（诗歌例外）。

不规则的副词升级形式

形容词的升级若不规则，则其所构成的副词升级同样也不规则：

prīmō 通常表示在时间上的第一，而prīmum通常表示在序列上的第一；quam prīmum是片语，表尽可能快地（as soon as possible）。

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Iam vērō cognōvimus istās mentēs dūrās ferrum prō pāce offere.

Now we certainly know that those harsh minds offer the sword in exchange for peace.

2. Nē nātae geminae discant verba tam acerba et tam dūra.

Let the twin daughters not learn words so harsh and so unfeeling.

3. Cum hī decem virī ex moenibus semel discessissent, alia occāsiō pācis numquam oblāta est.

When these ten men had left the city-walls once and for all, another opportunity for peace was never offered.

4. Tantum auxilium nōbīs referet ut nē āccerimī quidem mīlitēs aut pugnāre aut hīc remanēre possint.

He will bring back so much help to us that not even the most eager soldiers can fight or stay here.

5. Rogābat cūr cēterae tantam fidem apud nōs praestārent et nōbīs tantam spem adferrent.

He asked why the rest of the women showed so much hope in our presence and they brought such great hope to us.

6. Cum patria nostra tanta beneficia offerat, tamen quīdam sē in īnsidiās fūrtim cōnferunt et contrā bonōs mox pugnābunt.

Though our fatherland offers such great kindnesses, nevertheless some secretly betake themselves into treachery and will soon fight against good men.

7. Dēnique audiāmus quantae sint hae īnsidiae ac quot coniūrātī contrā cīvitātem surgant.

Let us hear at last how much treachery there is and how many conspirators rise against the state.

8. Haec scelera repente exposuī nē alia et similia ferrētis.

I exposed these crimes suddenly so that you would not suffer other and similar ones.

9. Respondērunt plūrima arma ā mīlitibus ad itus allāta esse et in nāvibus condita esse.

They answered that the (very) many weapons were carried to the shore by soldiers and put onto ships.

10. Cum parentēs essent vīvī, fēlīcēs erant; mortuī quoque sunt beātī.

When their parents were alive, they were happy; dead, they are also blessed.

11. Nesciō utrum trēs coniūrātī maneant an in exsilium contenderint.

I do not know whether the three conspirators remain or rushed into exile.

12. Nōs cōnferāmus ad cēnam, meī amīcī, bibāmus multum vīnī, cōnsūmāmus noctem, atque omnēs cūrās nostrās minuāmus!

Let us go to dinner, my friends, drink much wine, spend the night, and diminish our concerns.

13. When the soldiers had been arrested, they soon offered us money.

Cum comprehensi essent milites mox nobis obtulerunt pecuniam.

14. Although life brings very difficult things, let us endure them all and delicate ourselves to philosophy.

Cum vita ferat difficillima ea omnia feramus nosque ipsos dedicemus philosophiae.

15. Since you know what help is being brought by our six friends, these evils can be endured with courage.

Cum scias quod feratur auxilium a sex amicis nostris, haec scelera cum animis possunt ferri.

16. Although his eyes could not see the light of the sun, nevertheless that humble man used to do very many and very difficult things.

Cum non videre oculi eius solis lucem possent, tamen ille humilis plurima atque difficillima faciebat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Potestne haec lūx esse tibi iūcunda, cum sciās hōs omnēs cōnsilia tua cognōvisse? (Cicero.)

Can this light be pleasant to you, though you know that all these men are familiar with your plans?

2. Themistoclēs, cum Graeciam servitūte Persicā līberāvisset et propter invidiam in exsilium expulsus esset, ingrātae patriae iniūriam nōn tulit quam ferre dēbuit. (Cicero. --Persicus -a -um. --ingrātus -a -um ungrateful. --iniūria -ae, injury.)

Themistocles, though he had freed Greece from Persian slavery and because of jealousy had been driven into exile, did not bear the injury to his ungrateful fatherland that he should have borne.

3. Quae cum ita sint, Catilīna, cōnfer tē in exsilium. (Cicero. --quae cum= et cum haec.)

Since these things are so, Catiline, betake yourself into exile.

4. Ō nāvis, novī flūctūs bellī tē in mare referent! Ō quid agis? Unde erit ūllum perfugium? (Horace. --nāvis, ship [of state]. --flūctus -ūs, wave, billow.)

O ship of state, the new waves of war will carry you back into the sea! O what are you doing? Whence will there be any shelter?

5. Cum rēs pūblica immortālis esse dēbeat, doleō eam salūtis egēre ac in vītā ūnīus mortālis cōnsistere. (Cicero. --cōnsistō -ere + in, to depend on.)

Though the republic should be imperishable, I grieve that she lacks health and depends on one mortal’s life.

6. Cum illum hominem esse servum nōvisset, eum comprehendere nōn dubitāvit. (Cicero.)

When he knew that man was a slave, he did not hesitate to arrest him.

7. Ille comprehēnsus, cum prīmō impudenter respondēre coepisset, dēnique tamen nihil negāvit. (Cicero. --impudenter, adv.)

That arrested man, though at first he began to respond impudently, denied nothing at last, however.

8. Milō dīcitur per stadium vēnisse cum bovem umerīs ferret. (Cicero. --Milō -lōnis, m., a famous Greek athlete. --statium -iī. --bōs, bovis, m./f., ox. --umerus -ī, shoulder.)

Milo is said to have come through the stadium when he carried an ox on his shoulders.

9. Quid vesper et somnus ferant, incertum est. (Livy.)

What evening and sleep bring, it is uncertain.

10. Ferte miserō tantum auxilium quantum potestis. (Terence.)

Bring as much help to that poor man as you can.

11. Hoc ūnum sciō: quod fāta ferunt, id ferēmus aequō animō. (Terence.)

I know this one thing: what the Fates bring, we shall bear it with a calm spirit.

12. Lēgum dēnique idcircō omnēs servī sumus, ut līberī esse possīmus. (*Cicero. --idcircō, adv., for this reason.)

Finally, for this reason we are all slaves of the laws, that we may be free.

GIVE ME A THOUSAND KISSES!

Let us live, my Lesbia, and let us love,

and let us value the gossip of rather harsh

old men at one as!

Suns can set and return;

for us, when the brief light sets once,

it is one eternal night to be slept.

Give me a thousand kisses, then a hundred;

then a thousand others, then a second hundred;

then all the way to another thousand, then a hundred.

Then, when we have made many thousands –

we shall confuse those, so that we may not know,

or so that whatever bad person may not be able to cast an evil eye,

when he knows there are so many kisses.

RINGO

Sēnōs Charīnus omnibus digitīs gerit

  nec nocte pōnit ānulōs

nec cum lavātur. Causa quae sit quaeritis?

  Dactyliothēcam nōn habet!

sēnī -ae -a six each, six apiece, here with ānulōs, rings

gerō gerere gessi gestus bear, carry, wear

pōnit=dēpōnit put away

lavāre to bathe

Causa...quaeritis=quaeritisne quae sit causa

dactyliothēca -ae a ring box, jewelry chest

(*Martial 11.59; meter: iambic trimeter and dimeter. --Charinus, an ostentatious chap who liked to show off his rings.)

Charinus wears six rings on all his fingers

neither does he put them aside at night

nor when he was bathing. You ask what the reason is?

He does not have a jewelry box!

FACĒTIAE (WITTICISMS)

Cum Cicerō apud Damasippum cēnāret et ille, mediocrī vīnō in mēnsā positō, dīceret, “Bibe hoc Falernum; hoc est vīnum quadrāgintā annōrum,” Cicero respondit, “Bene aetātem fert!”

Falernum -ī Falernian wine, actually a very famous wine, not a “mediocre” one

quadrāgintā indecl., 40

(Macrobius, Sāturnālia 2.3.)

When Cicero dined at the house of Damasippus and that man, after the mediocre wine was put on the table, said, "Drink this Falernian wine; this is wine of forty years (i.e. forty years aged)," Cicero replied, "It carries its age well!"

Augustus, cum quīdam rīdiculus eī libellum trepidē adferret, et modo prōferret manum et modo retraheret, “Putās,” inquit, “tē assem elephantō dare?”

trepidē adv in confusion

modo...modo... now...now...

re-trahō

elephantō

(Macrobius, Sāturnālia 2.4.)

Augustus, when a certain silly man brought him a book in confusion, and first offered it forth and then retracted his hand, said, "You think you are giving an as to an elephant?"

第三十一课 Cum 从句；动词Ferō (Cum Clauses; Ferō)

Cum 从句

cum作为介词的用法我们已经熟悉，同时cum也可作连词，意为“当……时when, 自从since，虽然although”引导关系从句。

有些时候cum引导的从句动词为直陈式，尤其是当描述动作行为的具体时间时。这种从句被称为“cum temporal clauses”。cum在引导时间从句时翻译为当……时（when）或正当……时（while）；tum有时候会出现在主句中，cum...tum在一起则翻译为not only...but also不仅……而且：

cum eum vidēbis, eum cognōscēs.

When you (will) see him, you will recognize him.

cum vincimus, tum pācem spērās.

When/while we are winning, you are (at the same time) hoping for peace.

Cum ad illum locum vēnerant, tum amīcōs contulerant.

When they had come to that place, they had brought their friends.

OR: Not only had they come to that place, but they had also brought their friends.

更常见的是cum从句的虚拟语气，尤其当它描述主句动作行为发生的大致环境（而非确切时间）（被称为“cum circumstantial clause”），或解释主句动作行为的原因（被称为“cum causal”），或者描述可能会阻碍主句动作行为的事件（“cum adversative”）：

cum hoc fēcisset, ad tē fūgit. (circumstantial)

cum hoc scīret, potuit eōs iuvāre. (causal)

cum hoc scīret, tamen mīlitēs mīsit. (adversative)

cum Gāium dīligerēmus, nōn poterāmus eum iuvāre. (adversative)

注意：当cum后紧跟着一个名词或代词的夺格（abl）时，cum应翻译为以及with。

不规则动词ferō, ferre, tulī lātum忍受，携带

单词表：

as assis m 分币an as (a small copper coin, roughly equivalent to a penny; ace)

auxilium -iī n 帮助aid, help (比较augeō to increase, augment)

digitus -ī m 手指，脚趾finger, toe

elephantus -ī m/f 大象elephant

exsilium -iī n 逃亡，驱逐exile, banishment

invidia -ae f 羡慕，嫉妒，憎恨envy, jealousy, hatred（比较：invideō 在下面below）

rūmor rūmōris m 谣言，传言rumor, gossip

vīnum -ī n 葡萄酒wine

mediocris mediocre 普通的，中等的，适度的ordinary, moderate, mediocre（比较：medius）

cum conj+subj 当……时，自从……，虽然……when, since, although；conj+indic. 当……时when

apud prep+acc 在……中间，在……在场时，在……家 among, in the presence of, at the house of

semel adv 一次，坚决地，断然地，同时地a single time, once, once and for all, simultaneously

usque adv 直到，甚至到，持续地，一直all the way, up (to), even (to), continuously, always

doleō dolēre doluī dolitūrum 悲伤，忍受痛苦，受伤，导致痛苦to grieve, suffer, hurt, give pain

dormiō dormīre dormīvī dormītum 睡觉to sleep

ferō ferre tulī lātum 忍受，携带，带来；忍受痛苦，承受，忍耐；说，报道to bear, carry, bring; suffer, endure, tolerate; say, report

adferō adferre attulī allātum 带来to bring to

cōnferō cōnferre contulī collātum 带到一起，比较；授予，给予to bring together, compare; confer, bestow; sē cōnferre 去，离开，赴betake oneself, go

offerō offerre obtulī oblātum 提供to offer

referō referre rettulī relātum 带回；重复，回答，报道to carry back, bring back; repeat, answer, report

invideō -vidēre -vīdī -vīsum 妒忌，羡慕to be envious; +dat, 羡慕地看着，羡慕，妒忌to look at with envy, envy, be jealous of

occidō -cidere -cidī -cāsum 倒下；死；放to fall down; die; set（比较：cadō, occāsiō）

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Rogāvit ubi illae duae discipulae dignae haec didicissent.

He asked where those two worthy students had learned these things.

2. Vidēbit quanta fuerit vīs illōrum verbōrum fēlīcium.

He will see how much force there has been of those happy words.

3. Hās īnsidiās repente exposuit nē rēs pūblica opprimerētur.

He suddenly exposed this treachery so the republic would not be suppressed.

4. Hī taceant et trēs cēterī expellantur nē occāsiōnem similem habeant.

Let these men be silent and the three others be driven out lest they have a similar opportunity.

5. Ita dūrus erat ut beneficia uxōris comprehendere nōn posset.

So unfeeling was he that he could not understand his wife’s kindnesses.

6. Cēterī quidem nesciēbant quam ācris esset mēns nātae eōrum.

The rest of them indeed did not know how keen their daughter’s mind was.

7. Dēnique prīceps cognōscet cūr potentior pars mīlitum nōs vītet.

Finally the leader will learn why the braver portion of the soldiers avoids us.

8. Iam cognōvī cūr clāra facta vērō nōn sint facillima.

Now I know why illustrious deeds are truly not the easiest.

9. Quīdam auctōrēs appellābant arma optimum remedium malōrum.

Certain authors were calling weapons the best remedy for evils.

10. Mortuīs haec arma mox dēdicēmus nē honōre egeant.

Let us dedicate these weapons to the dead lest they lack honor.

11. Fātō duce, Rōmulus Remusque Rōmam condidērunt; et, Remō necātō, moenia urbis novae cito surrēxērunt.

With Fate as a guide, Romulus and Remus founded Rome; and, after Remus was killed, the walls of the new city rose quickly.

12. Tell me in what lands liberty is found.

Dic mihi in quibus terris libertas inveniatur.

13. We did not know where the sword had finally been put.

Nescivimus nos ubi ferrum denique positum esset.

14. He does not understand the first words of the little book which they wrote about the constellations.

Ille verba prima libelli non comprehendit quem de sideribus scripserunt.

15. They asked why you could not learn what the rest had done.

Rogabant quare non posses quod ceteri fecissent discere.

16. Let all men now seek better things than money or supreme power so that their souls may be happier.

Omnes quaerant meliora quam pecuniam aut imperium ut feliciores sint spiritus sui.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Nunc vidētis quantum scelus contrā rem pūblicam et lēgēs nostrās vōbīs prōnūntiātum sit. (Cicero.)

Now you see how much crime against the republic and our laws has been proclaimed against you.

2. Quam dulcis sit lībertās vōbīs prōtinus dīcam. (Phaedrus.)

Let me immediately say how sweet liberty is to you.

3. Rogābat dēnique cūr umquam ex urbe cessissent. (Horace.)

He asked why they ever left the city.

4. Nunc sciō quid sit amor. (*Virgil.)

Now I know what love is.

5. Videāmus uter hīc in mediō forō plūs scrībere possit. (Horace.)

Let us see which man could write more here, in the middle of the forum.

6. Multī dubitābant quid optimum esset. (*Cicero.)

Many were doubting what was best.

7. Incipiam expōnere unde nātūra omnēs rēs creet alatque. (Lucretius.)

creo creare creavi creatus

alo alere alui altus

Let me begin to explain whence nature creates and sustains all things.

8. Dulce est vidēre quibus malīs ipse careās. (Lucretius.)

careo carere carui caritus

It is pleasant to see which evils you yourself are free from.

9. Auctōrem Trōiānī bellī relēgī, quī dīcit quid sit pulchrum, quid turpe, quid ūtile, quid nōn. (Horace. --Trōiānus -a -um Trojan.)

relego relegere relegi relectus

I have reread the historian of the Trojan war, who says what is fine, what is shameful/ugly, what is useful, what is not.

10. Doctōs rogābis quā ratiōne bene agere cursum vītae possīs, utrum virtūtem doctrīna paret an nātūra ingeniumque dent, quid minuat cūrās, quid tē amīcum tibi faciat. (Horace. --doctrīna -ae teaching.)

paro parare paravi paratus

minuo minuere minui minutus

You will ask the learned by what reason you can lead the course of life well, whether teaching provides virtue or nature and talent give it, what can lessen care, what can make you a friend to yourself.

11. Istī autem rogant tantum quid habeās, nōn cūr et unde. (Seneca.)

Those men, however, ask how much you have, not why and whence.

12. Errat, quī fīnem vēsānī quaerit amōris: vērus amor nūllum nōvit habēre modum. (*Propertius. --vēsānus -a -um, insane.)

nosco noscere novi notus

modus -ī limit

He who searches for the limit of insane love errs: true love knows that no one has measure.

13. Sed tempus est iam mē discēdere ut cicūtam bibam, et vōs discēdere ut vītam agātis. Utrum autem sit melius, dī immortālēs sciunt; hominem quidem nēminem scīre crēdō. (Cicero. --Socrates’ parting words to the jury which had condemned him to death. --cicūta -ae, hemlock. --nēmō homō, no human being. )

But now it is time that I leave to drink the hemlock, and that you leave to live your life. But which is better, the immortal gods know; I certainly believe that no human being knows.

EVIDENCE AND CONFESSION

Sit dēnique scrīptum in fronte ūnīus cuiusque quid dē rē pūblicā sentiat; nam rem pūblicam labōribus cōnsiliīsque meīs ex igne atque ferrō ēreptam esse vidētis.

frōns frontis f forehead

(Cicero, excerpts from the first and third Catilinarian orations.)

Let it finally be written in the forehead of each one what he feels about the republic; for you see that by my efforts and plans that the republic is rescued from the fire and the sword.

Haec iam expōnam breviter ut scīre possītis quā ratiōne comprehēnsa sint.

Now I shall explain these things shortly so that you may know by what reason they have been understood.

Semper prōvīdī quō modō in tantīs īnsidiīs salvī esse possēmus.

prō-videō to fore-see, give attention to.

I have always given attention to the way by which we can be safe in such great treachery.

Omnēs diēs cōnsūmpsī ut vidērem quid coniūrātī āctūrī essent.

I consumed all my days to see what the conspirators were about to do.

Dēnique litterās intercipere potuī quae ad Catilīnam ā Lentulō aliīsque coniūrātīs missae erant.

intercipiō -ere -cēpī -ceptum

At last, I was able to intercept a letter which had been sent to Catiline from Lentulus and the other conspirators.

Tum, coniūrātīs comprehēnsīs et senātū convocātō, contendī in senātum, ostendī litterās Lentulō, quaesīvī cognōsceretne signum.

Then, with the conspirators arrested and the senate called together, I hastened into the senate, I showed the letter to Lentulus, I asked whether he recognized the seal.

Dīxit sē cognōscere; sed prīmō dubitāvit et negāvit sē dē hīs rēbus respōnsūrum esse.

He said that he recognized it; but at first he hesitated and said that he would not respond about these matters.

Mox autem ostendit quanta esset vīs cōnscientiae; nam repente mollītus est atque omnem rem narrāvit.

quantus -a -um adj how great; how much/many; of what size /amount /degree /number /worth /price

cōnscientia -ae conscience

repente suddenly

Soon however, he showed how great the power of conscience was; for suddenly he was softened and told the entire affair.

Tum cēterī coniūrātī sīc fūrtim inter sē aspiciēbant ut nōn ab aliīs indicārī sed indicāre sē ipsī vidērentur.

fūrtim adv stealthily, secretly, imperceptibly

inter sē aspiciō -ere to glance at each other

indicāre to accuse

Then the rest of the conspirators were glancing at each other so secretly that they seemed not by others to be accused, but to accuse their very selves.

A COVERED DISH DINNER!

Mēnsās, Ōle, bonās pōnis, sed pōnis opertās.

  Rīdiculum est: possum sīc ego habēre bonās.

Olus, you serve good dishes, but you serve them covered.

It is ridiculous: even a poor fellow like me can have good dishes.

(*Martial 10.54; meter: elegiac couplet. --Olus, another of Martial’s “friends.” --opertus -a -um concealed, covered. --ego, i.e., even a poor fellow like me)

A LEGACY-HUNTER'S WISH

Nīl mihi dās vīvus; dīcis post fāta datūrum:

  sī nōn es stultus, scīs, Maro, quid cupiam!

nīl=nihil

fāta, poetic pl. for sg.=mortem

datūrum= tē datūrum esse

Maro, another of Martial’s fictitious[?] addressees.

You give me nothing while alive; you say [you] will give after death:

if you are not a fool, Marus, you know what I desire!

NOTE ON A COPY OF CATULLUS' CARMINA

Tantum magna suō dēbet Vērōna Catullō

  quantum parva suō Mantua Vergiliō.

Great Verona owes as much to its Catullus

as small Mantua owes to its Vergil.

(*Martial 14.195; meter: elegiac couplet. Verona and Mantua were the birthplaces of Catullus and Virgil respectively.)

第三十课 完成时和过去完成时的虚拟语气；间接问句；时态的次序 Chapter 30 Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive; Indirect Questions; Sequence of Tenses

完成时系统的虚拟语气，如同完成时系统的直陈式一样，都遵循统一的规则，而无视动词所属的变位。

完成时虚拟主动：-erī-加完成时词尾（在-m, -t, -nt前-ī-变为短音-i-）；

过去完成时虚拟主动：-issē-加完成时词尾（在-m, -t, -nt前-ē-变为-e-）；

完成时/过去完成时的虚拟被动：用动词sim和essem来更换sum和eram即可。

完成时虚拟主动：（与将来完成时直陈非常类似）

laudāverim

laudāverīs

laudāverit

laudāverīmus

laudāverītis

laudāverint

过去完成时虚拟主动：（类似完成时不定式laudāvisse加上词尾）

laudāvissem

laudāvissēs

laudāvisset

laudāvissēmus

laudāvissētis

laudāvissent

完成时虚拟被动：

laudātus -a -um sim/sīs/sit

laudātī -ae -a sīmus/sītis/sint

过去完成时虚拟被动：

laudātus -a -um essem/essēs/esset

laudātī -ae -a essēmus/essētis/essent

间接问句：

用虚拟动词，由疑问词quis/quid, quī/quae/quod, quam, quandō, cūr, ubi, unde, unter, utrum...an（whether...or）, -ne等引进；主句中动词往往是有言语、思想活动或者感觉感知行为的含义（包括很多可接间接引语的主句动词，见第二十五课列表）。

从句动词用虚拟语气，翻译成直陈语气。

Quid Gāius facit?

Quid Gāius fēcit?

Quid Gāius faciet?

Rogant quid Gāius faciat.

Rogant quid Gaius fēcerit.

Rogant quid Gaius factūrus sit.

factūrus sit: 这种用法有时被称为“future active periphrastic”（直译过来就是“将来时主动的迂回表达”，periphrastic指非直接使用动词本身屈折变化而使用其他辅助手段表达的语法意义）；在没有直接的将来时虚拟语气的情况下，采用sum+将来时主动分词（比较：passive periphrastic采用sum+被动将来时分词）来表达将来时，在某些句型中（间接问句即为一种）采用这种结构，以免引起歧义。在上文最后一例中，若主句为过去时，全句则为：rogāvērunt quid Gaius factūrus esset.

时态的次序

学过英文的时态在从句中的规律之后，看拉丁文的时态规律就很简单了。基本规则是：现在时态系统的主句必须跟随现代时态系统的从句；历史时态系统的主句必须跟随历史时态系统的从句。

当下（primary）系统：

主句：现在时或将来时

从句：现在时（表动作在主句同时或之后）或完成时（动作在主句之前）

历时（historical）系统：

主句：过去的时态（包括未完成时和完成时）

从句：未完成时（动作在主句同时或之后）或过去完成时（动作在主句之前）

以上规则适用于目的从句，结果从句，间接问句，接下来要学的几章内容也有类似规律。

分析下列例句中的时态次序：

Id facit (faciet) ut mē iuvet.

Id fēcit (faciēbat) ut mē iuvāret.

Tam dūrus est ut eum vītem.

Tam dūrus fuit (erat) ut eum vītārem.

Rogant (rogābunt) quid faciat/quid fēcerit/quid factūrus sit.

Rogāvērunt (rogābant) quid faceret/quid fēcisset/quid factūrus esset.

单词表

honor honōris m 荣誉，名誉；官职 honor, esteem; public office

ceterī -ae -a pl 剩余的，剩下的，其他的，剩下其他的 the remaining, the rest, the other, all the others

quantus -a -um 如此大，如此伟大，如此多 how large, how great, how much; tantus...quantus 如此大/多……以至于 just as much(many) ... as

rīdiculus -a -um 可笑的，好笑的

vivus -a -um 活着的，生活着的

fūrtim adv 秘密地

mox adv 马上，很快地 soon

prīmō adv 开始，起初（比较：prīmus -a -um）

repente adv 突然suddenly

unde adv 从……哪里/谁/何时 whence, from what or which place, from which, from whom

utrum ...an conj 是……还是whether...or

bibō bibere bibī 喝 to drink

cognōscō -nōscere -nōvī -nitum 结识，学到，认出；（在完成时：）知道to become acquainted with, learn, recognize; in perfect tenses, know （比较：nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum, recognōscō）

comprehendō -hendere -hendī -hēnsum 抓住，逮捕；领会，理解 to grasp, seize, arrest; comprehend, understand

cōnsūmō -sūmere -sūmpsī -sūmptum 消费，用光to consume, use up （比较：sūmō to take）

dubitō (1) 怀疑，犹豫 to doubt, hesitate

expōnō -pōnere -posuī -positum 解释，暴露 to set forth, explain, expose

minuō minuere minuī minūtum减缓，减弱 to lessen, diminish （比较：minor, minus, minimus）

rogō (1) 问 to ask

第二十九课 未完成时虚拟语气；Sum和Possum在现在时和未完成时的虚拟语气；结果从句 Chapter 29 Imperfect Subjunctive; Present and Imperfect Subjunctive of Sum and Possum; Result Clauses

未完成时的虚拟语气

非常简单，完全规则，且无视动词的不同变位：

Sum和Possum在现在时和未完成时的虚拟语气

现在时虚拟为不规则，未完成时则符合上述规则

未完成时虚拟语气的用法和翻译

当主句为过去时态时，用于目的和结果从句。

翻译视具体情况而定，有时用were, would，在目的从句中可用might。

Hoc dīcit ut eōs iuvet.

He says this (in order) to help them.

  so that he may help them.

Hoc dīxit (dīcēbat) ut eōs iuvāret.

He said (kept saying) this (in order) to help them.

  so that he might help them.

Hoc facit nē urbs capiātur.

He does this so that the city may not be captured.

Hoc fēcit (faciēbat) nē urbs caperētur.

He did (was doing) this so that the city might not be captured.

结果从句

结果从句的标志是以ut开头，包含（通常在末尾）一个虚拟时态的动词。

与目的从句的区分：1，从上下文。2，结果从句的主句通常包含一个副词（ita, tam, sīc, so）或者形容词（tantus, so much, so great）表示程度并示意下面将跟着一个结果从句。若从句描述一否定结果，将会有否定词如nōn, nihil, nēmō, numquam或nūllus（而目的从句的否定则以nē引导）。

结果从句通常翻译成直陈式，（may或might仅在表达可能性或理想性结果而非真实结果时采用）。

Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret.

He did such great things that he saved the city.(结果从句)

Haec fēcit ut urbem servāret.

He did these things that he might savethe city.(目的从句)

Tam strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat.

He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things.(结果从句)

Strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat.

He works energetically so that he may accomplish many things.(目的从句)

Hoc tantā benevolentiā dīxit ut eōs nōn offenderet.

He said this with such great kindness that he did not offend them.(结果从句)

Hoc magnā benevolentiā dīxit nē eōs offenderet.

He said this with great kindness in order that he might not offend them.(目的从句)

Saltus erat angustus, ut paucī Graecī multōs mīlitēs prohibēre possent.

The pass was narrow, so that a few Greeks were able to stop many soldiers.(结果从句)

（在最末例中，主句无标志性词语如ita或tam，然而从上下文中可清晰辨认该句为结果从句）

单词表：

fātum -ī n 命运，死亡

ingenium -iī n 自然，内在禀赋

moenia moenium n pl 城墙

nāta -ae f 女儿

ōsculum -ī n 亲吻

sīdus sīderis n 星星，星座

dignus -a -um +abl 值得

dūrus -a -um 困难的，艰难的，

tantus -a -um 如此大，如此程度

dēnique adv 最后，最终，终于

ita adv 与形容词、动词、副词连用：如此、以致

quidem postpositive adv 当然，甚至，至少；nē...quidem, not ...even 甚至……也不

sīc adv,通常接动词 如此，以致于

tam adv与形容词和副词连用 如此，到如此程度；tam...quam 如此……以致

vērō adv 实在，当然，然而

condō -dere -didī -ditum 放在一起或放进，储藏；建立

contendō -tendere -tendī -tentum 斗争，奋斗，主张；催促，加紧

molliō mollīre mollīvī mollītum 软化，使……平静或减少敌意

pugnō (1) 打斗

respondeō -spondēre -spondī -spōnsum 回答

surgō surgere surrēxī surrēctum 起立，升起

单词表

armā -ōrum n pl 兵器，武器

cursus -ūs m 跑步，比赛；跑道，过程

lūna -ae f 月亮

occāsiō occāsiōnis f 场合，时机，机会

parēns parentis m/f 父母

stēlla -ae f 星星，行星

vesper vesperis or vesperī m 晚上；晚上的星星

mortuus -a -um 死的

prīnceps gen prīncipis 主要的，首要的；m/f 领导，皇帝

ut conj+subj 目的是，为了；conj+indic 当……时

nē adv & conj 加虚拟表命令或目的：不要……，勿……，为了不……

cēdō cēdere cessī cessum 离开，撤退；投降，放弃

dēdicō (1) 献身，致力于

egeō egēre eguī +abl or gen 需要，缺乏，想要

expleō -plēre -plēvī -plētum 充满，填充，完成

praestō -stāre -stitī -stitum 胜出；展览，展示，提供，装备

taceō tacēre tacitum 沉默，不提及

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Auctor sapiēns et dīligēns turpia vītet et bona probet.

Let a wise and careful author avoid the base and approve the good.

2. Itaque prō patriā etiam maiōra meliōraque nunc faciāmus.

And so, let us do even greater and better things for the fatherland.

3. Nepōs tuun ā mēnsā discēdat nē ista verba acerba audiat.

Let your grandson leave the table so as not to hear those harsh words.

4. Nē imperātor superbus crēdat sē esse fēlīciōrem quam virum humillimum.

Let a proud emperor not believe himself to be more fortunate than the most humble man.

5. Quisque petit quam fēlīcissimum et urbānissimum modum vītae.

Each seeks the happiest and most elegant way of life possible.

6. Quīdam dēlectātiōnēs et beneficia aliīs praestant ut beneficia similia recipiant.

Some offer kindnesses and pleasures to others so that they may receive similar kindnesses.

7. Multī medicī lūcem sōlis fuisse prīmum remedium putant.

Many doctors think that the sun’s light was the best (i.e. prime) remedy.

8. Imperium ducī potentiōrī dabunt ut hostēs ācerrimōs āvertat.

They will give imperium to a rather powerful leader so he may turn away the fiercest enemy.

9. Hīs verbīs trīstibus nūntiātīs, pars hostium duōs prīncipēs suōs relīquit.

With these sad words announced, a faction of the enemy left behind their own two generals.

10. Maiōrēs putābant deōs superōs habēre corpora hūmāna pulcherrima et fortissima.

The ancestors used to think that the gods above had the most beautiful and strongest human bodies.

11. Uxor pudīca eius haec decem ūtilissima tum probāvit.

His chaste wife then recommended these ten very useful things.

12. Let him not think that those dissimilar laws are worse than the others (translate with and without quam).

Ne putet illas leges dissimiles esse [peiores quam alias] / [peiores aliis].

13. They will send only twenty men to do this very easy thing in the forum.

Illi ut faciant hanc rem facillimam in foro decem viros solos mittent.

14. They said: “let us call the arrogant emperor a most illustrious man in order not to be expelled from the country.

“Appellemus,” inquiunt, “clarissimum imperatorem superbissimum ne e patria expellamur.”

15. Therefore, let them not order this very wise and very good woman to depart from the dinner.

Itaque ne hanc sapientissimam feminam atque optimam ab cena discedere iubeant.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Ratiō dūcat, nōn fortūna. (*Livy.)

Let reason lead, not luck.

2. Arma togae cēdant. (Cicero. --toga -ae.)

Let arms yield to the toga.

3. Ex urbe nunc discēde nē metū et armīs opprimar. (Cicero.)

Now leave from the city so that I may not be suppressed by fear and weapons.

4. Nunc ūna rēs mihi prōtinus est facienda ut maximum ōtium et sōlācium habeam. (Terence.)

Now one thing must be done by me immediately in order to have the greatest peace and solace.

5. Rapiāmus, amīcī, occāsiōnem dē diē. (*Horace.)

Let us take the opportunity from the day, my friends.

6. Corpus enim somnō et multīs aliīs rēbus eget ut valeat; animus ipse sē alit. (Seneca.)

Truly, the body is in need of sleep and many other things in order to be strong; the spirit nourishes itself.

7. Quī beneficium dedit, taceat; narret quī accēpit. (*Seneca.)

Let him who gave a gift be silent; let him who received it speak.

8. Dē mortuīs nihil nisi bonum dīcāmus. (Diogenes Laertius.)

Let us speak nothing except good of the dead.

9. Parēns ipse nec habeat vītīa nec toleret.

Let a parent neither have vices himself, nor tolerate them.

10. In hāc rē ratiō habenda est ut monitiō acerbitāte careat. (Cicero.--nonitiō -ōnis admonition. --acerbitās -tātis, noun of acerbus.)

In this matter, reason must be had so that admonition may not lack acerbity.

11. Fēminae ad lūdōs semper veniunt ut videant --et ut ipsae videantur. (Ovid.)

Women always come to the game to watch – and also to be watched themselves.

12. Arma virumque canō quī prīmus ā lītoribus Trōiae ad Italiam vēnit. (Virgil. --canō -ere, to sing about.)

Of arms and a man I sing, who first came from the shores of Troy to Italy.

PLEASE REMOVE MY NAME FROM YOUR MAILING LIST!

Cūr nōn mitto meōs tibi, Pontiliāne, libellōs?

  Nē mihi tū mittās, Pontiliāne, tuōs.

(*Martial 7.3; meter: elegiac couplet. Roman poets, just like American writers, would often exchange copies of their works with one another; but Pontilianus’ poems are not Martial’s cup of tea! --mitto: final -ō was often shortened in latin verse. --Pontiliānus -ī. --Nē...mittās not jussive, but porpose, following he implied statement, “I don’t send mine to you...”)

Why do I not send my booklets to you, Pontilianus?

Lest you, Pontilianus, send me yours.

TO HAVE FRIENDS ONE MUST BE FRIENDLY

Ut praestem Pyladēn, aliquis mihi praestet Orestēn.

  Hoc nōn fit verbīs, Mārce; ut amēris, amā.

(*Martial 6.11.9-10; meter: elegiac couplet. Orestes and Pylades were a classic pair of very devoted friends; Martial cannot play the role of Pylades unless someone proves a real Orestes to him. --Pyladēn and Orestēn are Greek acc.sg.forms. --fit, is accomplished)

That I should play the role of Pylades, let someone show themselves as Orestes for me.

This is not accomplished by words, Marcus; in order to be loved, you should love.

THE DAYS OF THE WEEK

Diēs dictī sunt ā deīs quōrum nōmina Rōmānī quibusdam stēllīs dēdicāvērunt.

(Isidore of Seville, Orīginēs 5.30, 7^th cen.

The days are named after (from) the gods whose names the Romans have dedicated to certain stars.

Primum enim diem ā Sōle appellāvērunt, quī prīnceps est omnium stēllārum ut īdem diēs est prae omnibus diēbus aliīs.

Indeed, the first day they named after the Sun, which is foremost of all the stars as the same day is before all other days.

Secundum diem ā Lūnā appellāverunt, quae ex Sōle lūcem accēpit.

They named the second day after the Moon, which receives light from the Sun.

Tertium ab stēllā Mārtis, quae vesper appellātur. Quārtum ab stēllā Mercuriī. Quīntum ab stēllā Iovis.

--Mārs, Mārtis. --Mercurius -ī. --Iuppiter Iovis.

The third after the star of Mars, which is called the evening star. The fourth after the star of Mercury. The fifth after the star of Jupiter.

Sextum ā Veneris stēllā, quam Lūciferum appellāvērunt, quae inter omnēs stēllās plūrimum lūcis habet.

--Venus, Veneris. --Lūciferus -ī Lucifer, light-bringer.

The sixth after the star of Venus, which they called Lucifer (light-bearer), which among all the stars has the most light.

Septimum ab stēllā Sāturnī, quae dīcitur cursum suum trīgintā annīs explēre.

--Sāturnus -ī. --trīgintā 30.

The seventh after the star of Saturn, which is said to complete its course in thirty years.

Apud Hebraeōs autem diēs prīmus dīcitur ūnus diēs sabbatī, quī in linguā nostrā diēs dominicus est, quem pāgānī Sōlī dēdicāvērunt.

--Hebraeus -ī Hebrew. --sabbatum -ī the Sabbath; ūnus diēs sabbatī, i.e., the first day after the Sabbath. --dominicus -a -um of the Lord, the Lord’s. --pāgānus -ī rustic, peasant; here, pagan.)

Among the Hebrews however, the first day is called day one of Sabbath, which in our language is the Lord's day, which the pagans have dedicated to the Sun.

Sabbatum autem septimus diēs ā dominicō est, quem pātānī Sāturnō dēdicāvērunt.

But the Sabbath is the seventh day from the Lord's, which the pagans dedicated to Saturn.

第二十八课 虚拟语态；现在时虚拟；祈使句和目的从句 Chapter 28 Subjunctive Mood; Present Subjunctive; Jussive and Purpose Clauses

在此前我们学过直陈式（Indicative）和命令式（Imperative）两种语气（Mood），虚拟语气是拉丁文的第三种也是最后一种语气。简单介绍见书186-187页。简单来说就是表达与事实相反或可能性、理想状态。英语与之类似。

虚拟语气共有四种时态（Tense）

虚拟现在时在本章介绍，其构成规则与其他三种有所不同。

虚拟未完成时见第二十九课

虚拟完成时和虚拟过去完成时见第三十课

虚拟从句

自本章起将陆续介绍各种虚拟从句

祈使虚拟式和目的从句the jussive subjunctive and purpose clauses见本课

结果从句result clauses见二十九课

间接问句indirect questions见三十课

cum从句cum clauses见三十一课

让步从句proviso clauses见三十二课

条件conditions（分三种不同的虚拟）见三十三课

祈使名词从句jussive noun clauses见三十六课

关系从句表特点relative clausese of characteristic见三十八课

恐怕从句fear clauses见四十课

虚拟现在时的变位：

在第一种变位中，原先的-ā-转化为-ē-。

其他三种变位中，-ā-则始终是虚拟现在时的标志。但需要注意词干的变化：

第二种变位中-ē-变为短音；

第三种变位中词干最后一个元音被取代；

第四种变位和-i-词干第三种变位中-ī-变为短音。

因此必须记住动词属于哪种变位，否则很容易与直陈式混淆。

被动语态（voice）的虚拟语气现在时为规则变化：

虚拟现在时的翻译

英语翻译时虽然有时采用may来翻译，但事实上根据从句的不同而变化，应区别对待。

祈使虚拟语气

虚拟语气经常使用于从句，然而也有一些单独成句的用法，祈使虚拟语气就是最典型的单独用法。该用法表达对单复数第一人称或第三人称的命令或劝告（第二人称则通常用命令语气imperative，当然也可以用虚拟，只是少见些）；否定句则添加nē。

翻译时一般采用may, should, let。

Cōgitem nunc dē hāc rē, et tum nōn errābō.

Let me know about this matter, and then I will not make a mistake.

Discipulus discat aut discēdat.

Let the student either learn or leave.

Doceāmus magnā cum dēlectātiōne linguam Latīnam.

Let us teach the Latin language with great delight.

Nē id faciāmus.

Let us not do this.

Audeant illī virī et fēminae esse fortēs.

Let those men and women dare to be brave.

目的从句Purpose Clauses

目的从句表达主句动作的目的或对象。拉丁文经常采用ut/nē引导的虚拟从句；翻译时经常用may。通常可翻译为从句，若从句主语和主句相同，也可翻译为不定式。拉丁文句子可以有不同的英译：

Hoc dīcit ut eōs iuvet.

He says this to help them.

in order to help them.

that he may help them.

  so that he may help them.

  in order that he may help them.

Discēdit nē id audiat.

Cum cūrā docet ut discipulī bene discant.

Hoc facit nē capiātur.

Librōs legimus ut multa discāmus.

Bonōs librōs nōbīs dent nē malōs legāmus.