这学期前半部分念Cicero的Pro Cluentio，后半部分在念Catullus。虽然就我的水平和品味而言，诗歌明显beyond me，但还是有一些小小的喜悦和感动，例如Catullus最有名的两首关于Lesbia的诗（就是有很多亲吻的那个和很多比喻的那个），又如他对情伤之后矛盾心情的细腻描写，如这首76：

Siqua recordanti benefacta prior voluptas
est homini, cum se cogitat esse pium,
nec sanctum violasse fidem, nec foedere nullo
divum ad fallendos numine abusum homines,
multa parata manent in longa aetate, Catulle,
ex hoc ingrato gaudia amore tibi.
Nam quaecumque homines bene cuiquam aut dicere possunt
aut facere, haec a te dictaque factaque sunt.
Omnia quae ingratae perierunt credita menti.
Quare iam te cur amplius excrucies?
Quin tu animo offirmas atque istinc te ipse reducis,
et dis invitis desinis esse miser?
Difficile est longum subito deponere amorem,
difficile est, verum hoc qualubet eficias:
una salus haec est, hoc est tibi pervincendum,
hoc facias, sive id non pote sive pote.
O di, si vestrum est misereri, aut si quibus umquam
extremam iam ipsa in morte tulistis opem,
me miserum aspicite et, si vitam puriter egi,
eripite hanc pestem perniciemque mihi,
quae mihi subrepens imos ut torpor in artus
expulit ex omni pectore laetitias.
Non iam illud quaero, contra me ut diligat illa,
aut, quod non potis est, esse pudica velit:
ipse valere opto et taetrum hunc deponere morbum.
O di, redite mi hoc pro pietate mea.

有人认为这首诗自O di, si vestrum est misereri开始应该属于另一首，因为明显逻辑不同，前半部分要自己努力克制，后半部分则乞求于神的帮助。此外语言也不同，前半部分用第三人称来称呼自己，后半部分则用反身代词。到底是一首还是两首，我没有能力下判断，只是觉得伤心之下有逻辑没逻辑都是可以的。若作一首诗看，可以认为前半部分尚且努力保持理性和疏远，后半部分则转入绝望的呼救，体现了心情的转变，更增加悲剧色彩吧。
网上有英译，不过不完全准确。暂且贴在下面：
If there is any pleasure for a man in remembering former
good deeds, when he thinks himself to be dutiful,
nor to have violated a sacred trust, nor in any contract
of the gods abused divine power to deceive men,
much joy remains for you, Catullus, in this long life,
furnished from this thankless love.
For whatever man can either say or do well
for anyone, this has been said and done by you:
having been entrusted to an ungrateful heart, all that perished.
Therefore, why do you now suffer more?
Why not be obstinate in your mind and bring yourself back from thence
and cease to be unhappy in front of the unwilling gods.
it is difficult, but let us do it at any hazard.
It is difficult to set aside a longstanding love.
This is the only safety, and you must overcome this,
whether it is not possible or it is possible.
O gods, if it is your will to have pity,
or if you have ever brought your help to any already
at the extreme, in death itself, look upon my unhappiness and,
if I have lived life in a pure manner,
remove this plague and ruin from me,
which stealing upon me inmost as a lethargy in my limbs
expelled the happiness from all my heart.
I no longer ask for that, that she chooses me in return,
or, because it is not possible, she chooses to be chaste:
I wish that I myself be healthy and put aside this horrible disease.
O gods, give this back to me for my piety.

 

多语言版本参见http://rudy.negenborn.net/catullus/text2/l76.htm

Latina est gaudium开始于05年下半年，师从李永毅老师学拉丁文的时候。当时也曾想过开放此空间，摆上某些大牛教材原文及翻译的种种弊端，但考虑到国内拉丁文教材的奇缺，决定不顾那么多，一方面通过定期更新督促自己学习，另一方面也把很多文章与大家分享。然而最近得到了一些老师的反馈，由于学生抄袭我所贴的cambridge的翻译而不自己完成作业，老师们的上课效果受到很大的影响。我得到这样的反馈，一方面并不太惊讶（因为我知道早晚有人跳出来反对，不是因为版权问题，就是因为懒学生太多，当时想的就是做一天算一天），但另一方面也觉得很无奈，因为这样一来这些文章必须要删掉，自学的学友们就无法得到需要的材料了。

我思考再三，决定如下：

如果你需要我的不甚精确的cambridge翻译（05年做的，到现在已经有很多错误了，但无暇整理，而且不全，只有全部第三册和第四册的前半部分，有兴趣的学友可以接着做），可以在论坛里留言，但请告诉我哪一课的哪一段，最好写上段落开头几个字，方便我查找。我将不再贴上全部的译本。

Wheelock的课后作业翻译暂时保留，但也将于几个月内改变做法，若有需要的同学请及时存档。

 

既然已经啰嗦了几句，就接着啰嗦，并回答几个常见的问题：1，我的长音符是怎么打出来的：microsoft word软件里选择符号，找到所有五个带长音符的元音，分别设热键即可（我设的是alt+a/e/i/o/u）。2，学拉丁文需要抠长短音吗？我觉得能记住的话，一开始还是应该抠一下，尤其是与变格/变位有关的长短音区别。但有些学友因为记不住长短音而对拉丁文望而却步就不必了。其实学到后来，几乎所有的书都是不标长短音的。

 

最后祝大家enjoy latin哦：）

介绍见前一篇。

B.SENECA LUCILIO SUO SALUTEM

 

Cum te tam valde rogo ut studeas, meum negotium ago: habere amicum volo, quod contingere mihi, nisi pergis ut coepisti excolere te, non potest.

contingō -tingere -tigī -tactus tr to come into contact with; to touch, border on; to reach, attain; to infect; to contaminate; (fig) to touch, affect // intr to happen, turn out, come to pass; (w.dat) to touch, border on // v impers it happens, turns out; (w.dat) it befalls one

pergō -gere -rexī -rectus tr to go on interruptedly with, continue; (w. inf) to continue to; iter pergere to go on one’s way // intr to go straight on, continue, proceed; (w. ad) 1 to make one’s way toward; 2 to pass on to, proceed to (esp. a topic); perge modo! go on now!, now get going!

excolō -colere -coluī -cultus tr to tend, cultivate, work carefully; to refine, ennoble, perfect, improve; to adorn; to worship

When I ask so eagerly that you study, I am doing my business: I want to have a friend, because it cannot happen to me, unless you go on so that you began to cultivate yourself.

 

Nunc enim amas me, amicus non es. ‘Quid ergo? haec inter se diversa sunt?’ immo dis similia.

For now you love me, you are not my friend. ‘Therefore what? Are these two different between themselves?’ indeed they are not similar.

 

Qui amicus est amat; qui amat non utique amicus est; itaque amicitia semper prodest, amor aliquando etiam nocet.

prōsum -desse -fuī -futūrus intr to be useful, do good, be profitable ; (w. dat) to be good for, do (s.o.) good; multum prodesse to do a lot of good

noceō -ēre -uī -itum intr (w. dat) to harm, injure

A friend is who loves; who loves is not by all means a friend; therefore friendship is always beneficial, love sometimes also harms.

 

Si nihil aliud, ob hoc profice, ut amare discas. Festina ergo dum mihi proficis, ne istuc alteri didiceris.

prōficiō -ficere -fecī -fectum intr to make progress, make headway, advance; to have success; to be useful, do good, help, be conducive; nihil proficere to do no good

If nothing else, for the sake of this please make progress, so that you learn to love. Hurry up therefore when you are making progress for me, so that you have not learnt the same thing from someone else.

 

Ego quidem percipio iam fructum, cum mihi fingo uno nos animo futuros et quidquid aetati meae vigoris abscessit, id ad me et tua, quamquam non multum abest, rediturum; sed tamen re quoque ipsa esse laetus volo.

percipiō -cipere -cēpī -ceptus tr to get a good hold of ; to catch ; to occupy, seize ; to gather in, harvest, reap ; (of the senses) to take in perceive, feel; (of the feelings) to get hold of, get the better of, come over (s.o.); to learn, know, comprehend, perceive

fingō fingere finxī fictus tr to shape, form; to mold, model (in clay, wax); to arrange (esp. the hair), to trim; to imagine, suppose, think; to contrive, invent; to pretend, feign; to train, influence (s.o.) to be; to compose (poetry); to disguise (looks); to trump up (charges); (w.double acc) to represent as, depict as; ars fingendi sculpture; linguā fingere to lick // refl to pretend to be; (w. ad) 1 to adapt oneself to; 2 to be subservient to

abscēdō -cēdere -cessī -cessum intr (aps-) to go away, depart ; to vanish ; to retire (from work); to desist; (w.dat) to cease to support; (of feelings, illness) to pass; (of heavenly bodies) to move farther away; (mil) to retreat; non abscedere a corpore not to leave the body (of a deceased person)

I indeed already catch the profit, when I think to myself that we are one mind about to be and whatever of vigor that has departed because of my old age, although it is not lacking much, it is about to return to me from your vigor; but nevertheless I wish to be happy likewise by the thing itself.

 

Venit ad nos ex iis quos amamus etiam absentibus gaudium, sed id leve et evanidum: conspectus et praesentia et conversatio habet aliquid vivae voluptatis, utique si non tantum quem velis sed qualem velis videas.

ēvānidus -a -um adj vanishing

praesentia -ae f presence ; efficacy, effect ; animi praesentia presence of mind; resolution; in praesentiā at present, in the present state of affairs; in praesentiā esse to be present, be available; in praesentiam for the present

conversātiō -ōnis f familiarity, close association (with people); conversatio parit contemptum (prov) familiarity breeds contempt

utīque adv anyhow, at least, at any rate; in particular, especially; without condition, absolutely; (after negative) on any account; (in obeying instructions) without fail; cur utique exactly why

quālis -is -e adj what sort of, what kind of; of such a kind, such as, as; (w. quotations and citations) as, as for example; in hoc bello, quale in this war, the likes of which; qualis erat! what a man he was!

voluptatis: genitive noun f. sg. modifying aliquid

Joy comes to us of those who we love even absent, but it is light and vanishing: the sight, and the presence and the familiarity has something of living delight, anyhow if you do not wish so much to see who he is but to see what kind of man he is.

 

Affer itaque te mihi, ingens munus, et quo magis instes, cogita te mortalem esse, me senem.

affor -fārī -fātus sum tr (adf-) to address, accost // pass to be destined

mūnus -eris n (moen-) service, function, duty; gift; favor, kindness; tax, duty; public entertainment, gladiatorial show; tribute (to the dead), rite, sacrifice; public office; in munere (or munere or pro munere) as a gift

instō -stāre -stitī tr to follow, pursue; to work hard at; to menace, threaten // intr to be at hand, approach, be impending; to insist; (w.dat or in +abl) to stand on or in; (w.dat) 1 to be close to; 2 to be on the heels of, pursue closely; 3 to harass

Therefore I should address you a huge favor to me, and you who pursue more, consider yourself to be mortal, me to be old.

 

Propera ad me, sed ad te prius. Profice et ante omnia hoc cura, ut constes tibi.

properō (1) tr to speed up ; to prepare hastily, do in haste // intr to be quick; to go or move quickly

constō -stāre -stitī intr to stand together; to agree, correspond; to stand firm, be constant; to stand still, stand firm; to be in existence; (com) to tally, be correct; (w.abl of price) to cost; ratio constat the account tallies, is correct // v impers it is a fact, it is known; non mihi satis constat I have not quite made up my mind; satis constat it is an established fact, all agree

constes: verb, second person sg., present active subjunctive

Hurry to me, but to yourself first. Make progress and arrange this before everything, so that you can stand firm to yourself.

 

Quotiens experiri voles an aliquid actum sit, observa an eadem hodie velis quae heri: mutatio voluntatis indicat animum natare, aliubi atque aliubi apparere, prout tulit ventus.

experior -īrī -tus sum tr to test, try, prove; to experience, endure, find out; to try to do, attempt; to measure strength with // intr to go to court

natō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to swim (across) // intr to swim, float; to flow; to overflow; (of the eyes) to be glassy; (of birds) to fly, glide; to waver, fluctuate; to hover; to move to and fro

aliubī adv elsewhere; aliubi...aliubi here...there

prout conj as, just as; in so far as, in as much as; (introducing alternatives) prout...ita according to whether...or

When you wish to prove whether there has been anything done, observe whether you want the same thing today as yesterday: change of desire indicates that the mind is floating, is appearing here and also there, just as what wind has brought.

 

Non vagatur quod fixum atque fundatum est: istud sapienti perfecto contingit, aliquatenus et proficienti provectoque.

vagor -ārī -ātus sum or vagō -āre intr to wander, range, roam

fundō (1) tr to found; to put on a firm basis, establish; to secure, make fast // pass (w.abl) to be based on

aliquātenus adv for some distance; to a certain extent; in some respects, partly; up to a point

prōvehō -here -xī -ctus tr to carry forwards; to transport, convey; to lead, lead on; to promote, advance, raise // pass to ride, drive, move, or sail ahead

What is fixed and established does not wander around: this befalls the complete wise man, and to a certain extent to the accomplishing man and one who has gone ahead.

 

Quid ergo interest? hic commovetur quidem, non tamen transit, sed suo loco nutat ; ille ne commovetur quidem. Vale.

commoveō -movēre -mōvī -mōtus tr to stir up, shake; to disturb, upset; to excite, shake up; to arouse, provoke; to generate, produce; (fig)to touch, move; to influence; to impress; to cause, start (a war, battle); to dislodge (an enemy); to call in (a debt)

trānseō -īre -īvī or -iī -itus tr to cross; to desert; to pass (in a race); to pass over, make no mention of; intr to go over, go across, pass over; to pass by, go by

nūtō (1) intr to keep nodding; to sway to and fro, totter; to waver

Therefore what is different between these two? This one is shaken indeed, however does not go across, but it sways to and fro in its place; that one indeed is not shaken. Bye.

 

这个学期很多事情堆着，堆着堆着就堆到期末了。至今仍在奋斗论文和考试。然后就是打包回国，一点不得喘息。

拉丁文仍在学。这学期学得不够用功，对自己不满意。很抱歉没啥新贴给诸位学友。

本周交了期末考试卷子。贴上来吧，是Seneca的两篇书信。单词是查了字典打上去的，比较有价值。翻译是自己的，不够准确，仅供参考。

 

A. SENECA LUCILIO SUO SALUTEM

Seneca says greetings to his Lucilius

 

Cresco et exsulto et discussa senectute recalesco quotiens ex iis quae agis ac scribis intellego quantum te ipse - nam turbam olim reliqueras - superieceris.

crescō crescere crēvī crētum intr to come into being, arise; to grow, grow up; to increase (in size, amount, numbers, length, quantity, dimensions); to swell; to expand; (of rivers) to rise; (of period of time) to advance, progress; to prosper, thrive; to become great; to swell with pride; crescunt nobis animi our spirits rise; die crescente as the day progressed

exsultō -āre -āvī intr to jump up; to frisk about; (of horses) to rear, prance; (of heart) to throb; to exult, rejoice, jump for joy

discutiō -tere -ssī -ssus tr to knock apart ; to smash to pieces, shatter ; to shake off ; to break up, disperse (an assembly, gathering); to dispel (danger, sleep); to frustrate, bring to naught; to suppress, destroy

recalescō -escere -uī intr to get warm again; (of a river) to run warm (e.g., w. blood)

quotiēns adv (interrog) how many times; (correlative) as often as, whenever

ōlim adv once, once upon a time; at the time; for a good while

superjaciō -jacere -jēcī -jectus or -jactus tr to throw on top; to overshoot (a target); fidem superjacere to exceed the bounds of credibility; natare superjecto aequore to swim in the flood waters

discussa: perfect passive participle, sg. f. abl.

I grow and rejoice and get warm again with the old age having been shattered, whenever out of those things which you do and you write I understand how you have exceeded yourself - for you had formerly avoided the crowd.

 

Si agricolam arbor ad fructum perducta delectat, si pastor ex fetu gregis sui capit voluptatem, si alumnum suum nemo aliter intuetur quam ut adulescentiam illius suam iudicet, quid evenire credis iis qui ingenia educaverunt et quae tenera formaverunt adulta subito vident?

perdūcō -ere -xī -ctus tr to lead, guide (to a destination); to bring (to court); (of roads) to lead (to); (of a pimp) to take (s.o.) to (s.o. else’s bed); to cover, spread; to prolong, drag out; to induce; to seduce; (w. ad) 1 to lead, guide, escort to; 2 to build, run (wall, ditch, road, etc.) to; 3 to prolong, drag out, continue (s.th.) to or until; 4 to win over to, convince of

fētus -ūs m childbirth; laying (of eggs); (of plants) producing, bearing; offspring, young; fruit, produce; (fig) product (of mind or imagination)

grex -gis m flock, herd; swarm; company, group, crowd, troop, set, clique, gang; theatrical cast, troupe

alumnus -ī m foster son

aliter adv otherwise, else; aliter...aliter in one way...in another; aliter atque aliter now in one way, now in another; aliter esse or aliter se habere to be different; non (or haud) aliter quam (or ac) si just as if

intueor -ērī -itus sum or intuor -ī tr to look at, gaze at; to consider, take into consideration; to look up to, have regard for; to keep an eye on; to examine visually, inspect terram intueri to look down at the ground

ēveniō -venīre -vēnī -ventum intr  to come out, come forth; to come to pass, happen; to turn out, result, end // v impers it happens

ingenium -(i)ī n innate quality; nature, temperament; character; bent, inclination; mood; natural ability, talent, intellect

tener -era -erum adj tender, soft, delicate; young, youthful; impressionable; weak; effeminate; voluptuous

formō -āre -āvī -ātus tr to form, shape, mold, build; (w. in +acc) to transform into, make into; to make, produce, invent; to imagine; to shape, direct; to instruct; to depict, represent; (gram) to inflect

adultus -a -um adj grown, mature, adult

gregis sui: genitive noun and genitive adj, both in m. sg.

If tree delights a farmer with fruit has been led to, if a shepherd seizes enjoyment out of the offspring of his flock, if one regards one’s foster son just as if one judges the own youth of his, what do you believe to happen to them who have cultivated their inner natures and those young ones they have shaped they suddenly see as adults?

 

Assero te mihi; meum opus es.

asserō -serere -sēvī -sītus tr (w.dat) to plant (s.th.) close to

I want to put myself closer to you; you are my business.

 

Ego cum vidissem indolem tuam, inieci manum, exhortatus sum, addidi stimulos nec lente ire passus sum sed subinde incitavi; et nunc idem facio, sed iam currentem hortor et invicem hortantem.

indolēs -is f inborn quality, natural quality; nature, character; natural ability, talent; (w.gen) natural capacity for, natural tendency toward

injiciō -jicere -jēcī -jectus tr to throw, inject; to hurl, discharge (missiles); to impose, apply; to inspire, infuse; to cause, occasion; to furnish (a cause); to bring up, mention (a name); (w.dat) to put (e.g., a cloak) on (s.o.); manicas alicui injicere to put handcuffs on s.o.; manum injicere (w.dat) 1 to lay hands on; 2 take possession of // refl (w.dat or in + acc) 1 to throw oneself into, rush into, expose oneself to; 2 to fling oneself down on; 3 (of the mind) to turn itself to, concentrate on, reflect on

exhortor -ārī -ātus sum tr to encourage, exhort

stimulus -ī m goad, prick; (fig) stimulus, incentive, spur; (mil) pointed stake concealed below the ground

subinde adv immediately afterwards; promptly; from then on; from time to time, now and then

invicem or in vicem adv in turn, taking turns, one after another, alternately; mutually, each other; defatigatis invicem integri succedunt fresh troops take turns in relieving the exhausted troops

hortor -ārī -ātus sum tr to encourage, cheer, incite, instigate; to give a pep talk to (soldiers)

currentem: active present participle sg. acc. of the verb curro

When I had seen your character, I laid my hand (on it), I put goad on you, I did not allow you to go slowly but I have urged you from time to time; and now I do the same, but now I encourage the one running and in turn he will encourage me.

 

‘Quid illud?’ inquis ‘adhuc volo.’ In hoc plurimum est, non sic quomodo principia totius operis dimidium occupare dicuntur.

dīmidium -iī half

quōmodo adv (interrog) how, in what way; (rel) just as, as

‘What is that thing I want so far?’ You ask. In this there is a great number, not so as the beginnings of the whole work are said to occupy a half.

 

Ista res animo constat; itaque pars magna bonitatis est velle fieri bonum.

constō -stāre -stitī intr to stand together; to agree, correspond; to stand firm, be constant; to stand still, stand firm; to be in existence; (com) to tally, be correct; (w.abl of price) to cost; ratio constat the account tallies, is correct // v impers it is a fact, it is known; non mihi satis constat I have not quite made up my mind; satis constat it is an established fact, all agree

bonitās -ātis f goodness, integrity, good behavior ; excellence, high quality (of things)

fieri: semidep v. present active infinitive

Such a thing corresponds to the mind; therefore a large part of goodness is to wish to become a good man.

 

Scis quem bonum dicam? perfectum, absolutum, quem malum facere nulla vis, nulla necessitas possit.

Do you know what good man I say? Perfect, absolute, to whom no power, no necessity can do bad.

 

Hunc te prospicio, si perseveraveris et incubueris et id egeris ut omnia facta dictaque tua inter se congruant ac respondeant sibi et una forma percussa sint.

prospiciō -spicere -spexī -spectus tr to see in the distance; to spot; to command a view of; to watch for; to look out for, provide for; to foresee // intr to look forward; to look into the distance, have a view; to be on the lookout, exercise foresight

incubō (1) intr (w.dat) 1 to lie in or upon; 2 to lean on; 3 to brood over; 4 to watch jealously over

congruō -ere -ī intr to coincide; to correspond, agree, be consistent; (w. ad or cum) to correspond to, agree with, be consistent with; (w.dat or in + acc) to agree with

percutiō -tere -ssī -ssus tr to beat or hit hard; to strike (w. lightning, sword, etc.); (of snakes) to bite; to knock at (door); to strum (lyre, etc.); to smash; to pierce, stab, run through; to shoot; to kill; to shock, make a deep impression on; to astound; to dig (ditch); to coin (money); to trick, cheat; fusti percutere to beat to death; securi percutere to behead

I foresee you now, if you persist and lean on and make it so that all facts and your words agree among themselves and they respond to themselves and they have been beaten in one form.

 

Non est huius animus in recto cuius acta discordant. Vale.

discordō -āre intr to quarrel, disagree; (w.dat or ab) 1 to be out of harmony with; 2 to be opposed to

cuius: pron gen. sg. m./f.

His mind is not in the right place whose acts disagree. Bye.

第三十四课 被动表主动的动词；个别被动表主动动词与夺格的用法 Chapter 34 Deponent Verbs; Ablative with Special Deponents

 

被动表主动的动词 Deponent Verbs

 

此类动词不多，然需小心记忆。由于缺乏主动形态，此类动词在词典里只列出三个主要部分：

直陈现在时第一人称（被动形式）	现在时不定式（被动形式）	直陈现在完成时第一人称（被动形式）
hortor, I urge	hortārī, to urge	hortātus (-a, -um) sum, I urged
fateor, I confess	fatērī, to confess	fassus (-a, -um) sum, I confessed
sequor, I follow	sequī, to follow	secūtus (-a, -um) sum, I followed
mōlior, I work at	mōlīrī, to work at	mōlītus (-a, -um) sum, I worked at
patior, I suffer	patī, to suffer	passus (-a, -um) sum, I suffered

 

变位：

被动表主动动词的变位与普通动词遵循同样的规则，区别仅仅在于它们少了所有主动的部分。

 

分词与不定式：

分词：

现在分词（在此主动表主动）	hortāns, urging	sequēns, following
完成时分词（在此被动表主动）	hortātus -a -um, having urged	secūtus -a -um, having followed
将来时主动分词	hortātūrus -a -um, about to urge	secūtūrus -a um, about to follow
将来时被动分词（在此被动表被动）	hortandus -a -um, to be urged	sequendus -a um, to be followed

 

不定式：

现在时	hortārī, to urge	sequī, to follow
完成时	hortātus -a -um esse, to have urged	secūtus -a -um esse, to have followed
将来时（在此主动表主动）	hortātūrus -a -um esse, to be about to urge	secūtūrus -a -um esse, to be about to follow

 

现在时命令式：

此类动词的现在时命令式在第二人称单数时，形式与直陈现在时第二人称单数的替换形式相同；同时也与不存在的“主动不定式”形式相同。

现在时命令式的复数第二人称则与复数第二人称的直陈现在时形式相同。

 

hortāre	fatēre	sequere	mōlīre	patere
hortāminī	fatēminī	sequiminī	mōlīminī	patiminī

 

不完全被动表主动的动词 semi-deponent verbs

 

此类动词在现在时系统中为正常动词，而在完成时系统中则为被动表主动的动词：

audeō, I dare

audēre, to dare

ausus sum, I dared

 

gaudeō, I rejoice

gaudēre, to rejoice

gāvīsus sum, I rejoiced

 

特殊的被动表主动动词与夺格用法

 

夺格表工具在一些特殊的被动表主动动词中有固定用法。其中最常见的是ūtor（及其合成词），其他还有fruor, to enjoy, fungor, to perform, potior, to possess, 和vēscor, to eat.

ūtor （使用，使……感到愉快）事实上是一个反身动词，字面意义是“通过某种方式使自己得到好处”

Ūtitur stilō.

he is benefiting himself by means of a pencil. 他用一支铅笔来使自己得到好处。（字面意义）

he is using a pencil.他在用铅笔。（实际意义）

 

Nōn audent ūtī nāvibus. they do not dare to use the ships.

Nōn ausī sunt ūtī nāvibus. they did not dare to use the ships.

 

更多被动表主动动词的例子：

1 Eum patientem haec mala hortātī sunt.

They encouraged him (as he was) suffering these evils.

2 Eum passūrum haec mala hortātī sunt.

They encouraged him (as he was) about to suffer these evils.

3 Is, haec mala passus, hortandus est.

This man, having suffered these evils, ought to be encouraged.

4 Is haec mala fortiter patiētur.

He will suffer these evils bravely.

5 Eum sequere et haec mōlīre.

Follow him and work at these things.

6 Eum sequī et haec mōlīrī nōn ausus es.

You did not dare to follow him and work at these things.

7 Eum sequeris/sequēris.

You are following/will follow him.

8 Eum hortēmur et sequāmur.

Let us encourage and follow him.

9 Cicerō Graecīs litterīs ūtēbātur.

Cicero used to enjoy Greek Literature.

 

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Dummodo exercitus opem mox ferat, moenia urbis celeriter cōnservāre poterimus.

So long as the army soon brings help, we shall quickly be able to protect the walls of the city.

2. Cum cōnsilia hostium ab initiō cognōvissēs, prīmō tamen ūllum auxilium offerre aut etiam centum mīlitēs prōmittere nōluistī.

Though you had known the enemy’s plans from the beginning, nevertheless you at first did not wish to offer any aid or send forth even a hundred soldiers.

3. Sī dīvitiae et invidia nōs ab amōre et honōre ūsque prohibent, dīvitēsne vērē sumus?

If wealth and jealousy always hold us back from love and honor, are we truly wealthy?

4. Pauper quidem nōn erit pār cēterīs nisi scientiam ingeniumve habēbit; sī haec habeat, autem, multī magnopere invideant.

A poor man will certainly not be equal to others unless he has knowledge or talent; if he should have these, however, many would be greatly envious.

5. Nisi īnsidiae patērent, ferrum eius maximē timērēmus.

If his treachery were not open, we would fear his sword most greatly.

6. Sī quis rogābit quid nunc discās, refer tē artem nōn mediocrem sed ūtilissimam ac difficillimam discere.

If anyone will ask what you are now learning, answer that you are learning an art not normal, but very useful and very difficult.

7. Lēgēs ita scrībantur ut dīvitēs et plēbs -- etiam pauper sine asse -- sint parēs.

Let the laws be thus written so that the rich and common – even the poor man without an as – can be equals.

8. Sī custōdiae dūriōrēs fortiōrēsque ad casam tuam contendissent, heu, numquam tanta scelera suscēpissēs et hī omnēs nōn occidissent.

If stricter and stronger guards had rushed to your house, oh, never would you have undertaken so many crimes and all these men would not have died.

9. Illa fēmina sapientissima, cum id semel cognōvisset, ad eōs celerrimē sē contulit et omnēs opēs suās praebuit.

Since that very wise woman knew it at one time, she swiftly betook herself to them and offered all her resources.

10. Dūrum exsilium tam ācrem mentem ūnō annō mollīre nōn poterit.

Harsh exile will not be able to soften so bitter a mind in one year.

11. Propter omnēs rūmōrēs pessimōs (quī nōn erant vērī), nātae suāvēs eius magnopere dolēbant et dormīre nōn poterant.

Because of all the very bad rumors (which were not true), his sweet daughters were weeping very much and could not sleep.

12. If those philosophers should come soon, you would be happier.

Si mox veniant illi philosophi, felicior sis.

13. If you had not answered very wisely, they would have hesitated to offer us peace.

Nisi prudentissime respondissetis, pacem offerre dubitavissent.

14. If anyone does these three things well, he will live better.

Si quis haec tria faciet, melius vivet.

15. If you were willing to read better books, you would most certainly learn more.

Si velletis meliores legere libros, certissime plura disceretis.

 

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Sī vīs pācem, parā bellum. (*Flavius Vegetius. --parā, prepare for.)

If you wish for peace, prepare for war.

2. Arma sunt parvī pretiī, nisi vērō cōnsilium est in patriā. (Cicero. --pretium, -iī value.)

Weapons are of little value, if there is really not a plan in the country.

3. Salūs omnium ūnā nocte certē āmissa esset, nisi illa sevēritās contrā istōs suscepta esset. (Cicero. --sevēritās, -tātis.)

Everyone’s safety would certainly have been lost in one night, if that severity had not been undertaken against those men.

4. Sī quid dē mē posse agī putābis, id agēs --sī tū ipse ab istō perīculō eris līber. (Cicero.)

If you think something can be done about me, you will do it – if you yourself will be free from that danger.

5. Sī essem mihi cōnscius ūllīus culpae, aequō animō hoc malum ferrem. (Phaedrus. --cōnscius -a -um conscious.)

If I were conscious of any fault against myself, I would bear this misfortune with a calm mind (i.e. equanimity). (culpa +dat. conscius+gen.)

6. Dīcis tē vērē mālle fortūnam et mōrēs antīquae plēbis; sed sī quis ad illa subitō tē agat, illum modum vītae recūsēs. (Horace.)

You say that you truly prefer the prosperity and moral of the ancient plebs; but if someone should suddenly urge you to them, you would refuse that way of life.

7. Minus saepe errēs, sī sciās quid nesciās. (Publilius Syrus.)

You would err less often, if you should know what you do not know.

8. Dīcēs “heu” sī tē in speculō vīderis. (Horace.)

You will say “ah!”, if you will have seen yourself in a mirror.

9. Nīl habet īnfēlīx paupertās dūrius in sē quam quod rīdiculōs hominēs facit. (*Juvenal. --nīl = nihil. --quod, the fact that.)

Poverty holds nothing unhappy within itself harsher than that it makes men a laughing-stock.

 

 

B.Y.O.B., etc., etc.

 

Cēnābis bene, mī Fabulle, apud mē paucīs (sī tibi dī favent) diēbus-- sī tēcum attuleris bonam atque magnam cēnam, nōn sine candidā puellā et vīnō et sale et omnibus cachinnīs; haec sī, inquam, attuleris, venuste noster, cēnābus bene; nam tuī Catullī plēnus sacculus est arāneārum. Sed contrā accipiēs merōs amōrēs, seu quid suāvius ēlegantiusve est: nam unguentum dabo, quod meae puellae dōnārunt Venerēs Cupīdinēsque; quod tū cum olfaciēs, deōs rogābis, tōtum ut tē faciant, Fabulle, nāsum.   (*Catullus 13; meter: hendecasyllabic.)

favēre +dat to be favorable toward, favor. cachinna -ae laugh, laughter venustus -a -um charming sacculus -ī money-bag, wallet arānea -ae spiderweb contrā here adv., on the other hand, in turn seu conj or ēlegāns gen ēlegantis dabo remember -ō was often shortened in verse dōnārunt= dōnāvērunt, from dōnāre to give Venus -neris f and Cupīdō -dinis m; Venus and Cupid, pl. here to represent all the fostering powers of Love quod...olfaciēs =cum tū id olfaciēs. olfaciō -ere to smell tōtum...nāsum from nāsus -ī nose objective complement with tē; the wide separation of adj. and noun suggests the cartoon-like enormity of the imagined schnoz!)

 

 

You will dine well, my Fabullus, at my house

in a few (if the gods favor you) days –

if you will have brought with you a good and great

dinner, not without a fair girl

and wine and salt/wit and all the laughter;

if these, I say, you will have brought, our charming man,

you will dine well; for your Catullus'

wallet is full of spider-webs.

But on the other hand you will receive pure affections,

or what is sweeter or finer:

for I will give a perfume, which to my girl

the Venuses and Cupids gave;

which when you smell, you will ask the gods,

to make you, Fabullus, an entire nose (i.e. nothing but a nose).

 

 

THE RICH GET RICHER

Semper pauper eris, sī pauper es, Aemiliāne:

  dantur opēs nūllī nunc nisi dīvitibus.

(*Martial 5.81.; meter: elegiac couplet. --Aemiliānus -ī.)

 

You will always be poor, if you are poor, Aemilianus:

riches are given to no one now except the rich.

 

ARISTOTLE, TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

An Philippus, rēx Macedonum, voluisset Alexandrō, fīliō suō, prīma elementa litterārum trādī ab Aristotele, summō eius aetātis philosophō, aut hic suscēpisset illud maximum officium, nisi initia studiōrum pertinēre ad summam sapientissimē crēdidissent?

(Quintilian, Īnstitūtiōnēs Ōrātōriae 1.1.23. --an, interrog. conj., or, can it be that. --Macedonēs, -donum, m./f. pl., Macedonians. --Aristotelēs, -telis. --pertinēre ad, to relate to, affect. --summa -ae, highest part, whole.)

Can it be that Philip, king of the Macedonians, had wished the first principles of literature to be handed down to Alexander, his son, by Aristotle, the greatest philosopher of his time, or would this man have undertaken that very great duty, if he had not believed most wisely that the beginnings of study affect the whole?

 

YOUR LOSS, MY GAIN!

Cum Quīntus Fabius Maximus magnō cōnsiliō Tarentum fortissimē recēpisset et Salīnātor (quī in arce fuerat, urbe āmissā) dīxisset, “Meā operā, Quīnte Fabī, Tarentum recēpistī,” Fabius, mē audiente, “Certē,” inquit rīdēns, “nam nisi tū urbem āmīsissēs, numquam eam recēpissem.”

When Quintus Fabius Maximus by a great plan most bravely recaptured Tarentum and Salinator (who had been in the citadel, while the city was lost) had said, "By my doing, Quintus Fabius, you have retaken Tarentum;" Fabius, with me listening, said laughing, "Surely, for if you had not lost the city, I would never have retaken it."

不规则动词volō, velle, voluī 希望

volō是另一个极为常用的不规则第三种变位动词：

1，volō没有被动态，没有将来时主动的不定式或分词，没有命令式；

2，完成时系统完全为规则；

3，唯一不规则的形式出现在现在时直陈式中（必须记忆），和现在时虚拟式中（类似sim, sīs sit）；

4，未完成时虚拟类似于ferō；由不定式velle构成，然而遵循原有规律。

5，vol-是直陈现在时系统的词干；而vel-是虚拟现在时系统的词干。

 

现在时直陈	现在时虚拟	未完成时虚拟	不定式
volō vīs vult	velim velīs velit	vellem vellēs vellet	现在时：velle 完成时：voluisse 将来时：无
volumus vultis volunt	velīmus velītis velint	vellēmus vellētis vellent	分词： 现在时：volēns

 

nōlō和mālō

volō有两个衍伸的复合词：

nōlō nōlle nōluī (nē+volō) 不希望，不原意not to wish, to be unwilling

mālō mālle māluī (magis+volō) 更想要to want (sth) more or instead, prefer

这两个词也是不规则动词，尤其在现在时系统中：

直陈现在时主动：

volō velle voluī	nōlō nōlle nōluī	mālō mālle māluī
volō vīs vult	nōlō nōn vīs nōn vult	mālō māvīs māvult
volumus vultis volunt	nōlumus nōn vultis nōlunt	mālumus māvultis mālunt

 

volō和mālō都无命令式，但nōlō有单数和复数命令式，且非常常用，表示否定的命令：

nōlī manēre, Catilīna!

nōlīte discēdere, amīcī meī!

 

限制从句proviso clauses

由dummodo（既然provide that, 只要as long as）引导的虚拟语气动词从句，表达一种限定性的环境；否定从句用nē。

Nōn timēbō, dummodo hīc remaneās.

I shall not be afraid, provided that you remain here.

Erimus fēlīcēs, dummodo nē discēdās.

We shall be happy, so long as (porvided that) you do not leave.

 

单词表：

custōdia -ae f 保护，监禁 protection, custody；pl 警卫 guards

exercitus -ūs m 军队 army

paupertās paupertātis f 贫穷；卑微 poverty, humble circumstances

dīves gen dīvitis or dītis 富有的 rich

pār gen paris+dat. 相等的，相似的 equal, like

pauper gen pauperis 贫穷的 of small means, poor

dummodo conj+subj 既然，只要 provided that, so long as

mālō mālle māluī 更想要 to want (something) more, instead; prefer

nōlō nōlle nōluī 不希望，不想要，不愿意 to not . . . wish, be unwilling

pateō patēre patuī 开放，变得够得到，变明显 to be open, lie open; be accessible; be evident

praebeō -bēre -buī -bitum 提供，供给 to offer, provide

prōmittō -mittere -mīsī -missum 发出；允诺 to send forth; promise

volō velle voluī 希望，想要，愿意 to wish, want, be willing, will

第三十二课 副词的构成和升级；Volō, Mālō, Nōlō; 限制从句Chapter 32 Formation and Comparison of Adverbs; Volō, Mālō, Nōlō; Proviso Clauses

 

原级：

一二种变格的形容词变副词一般在词干后加-ē-

longē （来自longus -a -um）

līberē （来自līber, lībera līberum）

pulchrē （来自pulcher -chra -chrum）

 

第三变格的形容词通常在词干后加-iter；若词干以-nt-结尾，仅加-er：

fortiter （来自fortis -e）

celeriter （来自celer celeris celere）

ācriter （来自ācer ācris ācre）

fēlīciter （来自fēlīx gen fēlīcis）

sapienter （来自sapiēns gen sapientis）

 

副词的升级

比较级通常以-ius结尾，即采用形容词比较级的中性词尾

最高级从形容词的最高级变化而来，即将形容词最高级的词尾变为-ē

 

Quam和副词的比较级、最高级

Quam和副词连用，正如其与形容词连用相同：hic puer celerius cucurrit quam ille; illa puella quam celerrimē cucurrit. 然而在副词情况下通常不采用abl表比较（诗歌例外）。

 

不规则的副词升级形式

形容词的升级若不规则，则其所构成的副词升级同样也不规则：

 

原级	比较级	最高级
longē (far)	longius (farther, too far)	longissimē (farthest, very far)
līberē (freely)	līberius (more f.)	līberrimē (most, very f.)
pulchrē (beautifully)	pulchrius (more b.)	pulcherrimē (most b.)
fortiter (bravely)	fortius (more b.)	fortissimē (most b.)
celeriter (quickly)	celerius (more q.)	celerrimē (most q.)
ācriter (keenly)	ācrius (more k.)	ācerrimē (most k.)
fēlīciter (happily)	fēlīcius (more h.)	fēlīcissimē (most h.)
sapienter (wisely)	sapientius (more w.)	sapientissimē (most w.)
facīlē (easily)	facilius (more e.)	facillimē (most e.)
bene (well)	melius (better)	optimē (best)
male (badly)	peius (worse)	pessimē (worst)
multum (much)	plūs (more, quantity)	plūrimum (most, very much)
magnopere (greatly)	magis (more, quality)	maximē (most, especially)
parum (little, not very [much])	minus (less)	minimē (least)
(prō)	prius (before, earlier)	prīmō (first, at first) prīmum (in the first place)
diū (for a long time)	diūtius (longer)	diūtissimē (very long)

 

prīmō 通常表示在时间上的第一，而prīmum通常表示在序列上的第一；quam prīmum是片语，表尽可能快地（as soon as possible）。